2. Paraphrasing by CONTENT
Describing what a section of a source DOES…
What is the function of the information in the whole text?
What is it doing?
You can break down and use NAMES of the sections, and
change to verbs...
3. like...
An Introduction in a paper “introduces” a point…
You can either say “The author introduces the need for…”
or,
“The article (book/ text/ source material) introduces the need
for…”
4. or, in the first part of body of the paper:
“The article/ author raises the point of
explores the reason of
presents one of the main reasons
develops a line of thought
6. when a new point/ paragraph is added:
brings up another point of view that …
concedes to a counter-view of…
questions that...
reasserts that…
rebuts that...
7. when a new point/ paragraph is added:
brings up another point of view that …
concedes to a counter-view of…
questions that...
reasserts that…
rebuts that...
8. In a conclusion, the article or author
concludes that…
leads us to the conclusion that…
resolves that…
leaves us with a question of...
9. So in other words,
DOES = how is the section/ information functioning as a part
of the whole?
10. When Should I Quote?
✦ Impact of Words: when the language of the quote is especially
powerful
✦ Important Authority: when the quote comes from a leading
expert
✦ Direct dialogue: when the quote is not suited to summary or
paraphrase
✦ Selective Statistics: when the quote includes specific numbers or
stats.
What you quote shows how critically you
have read the source text.
11. When Should I
Summarize or Paraphrase?
✦ Results of a study
✦ Narrated Experiences
✦ Excerpts in which the exact words aren’t
necessary to your argument
✦ Excerpts in which the exact words would
hinder the tone of your argument
Summary provides only the most crucial points
12. How Do I Integrate Quotes?
Step One
Introduce the quotation
✦ Show credibility: introduce your source with
an attributive tag!
✦ Be picky about verb choices
✦ Know your choices for punctuation
13. Punctuation Choices
✦ Verb and Comma
Ehrenreich writes, “I resolve to give him all
my tips that night, and to hell with the
experiment” (46).
Step One
14. ✦ That Clause (no comma)
Ehrenreich believes that “most of the big hotels run
ads almost continually, if only to build a supply of
applicants” (15).
Step One
Punctuation Choices
15. ✦ Colon (and here it is….)
There is a simple explanation for why so many working
Americans are homeless: “When the rich and the poor
compete for housing on the open market, the poor
don’t stand a chance” (Ehrenreich 199).
Punctuation Choices
Step One
16. ✦ Integrate the quote into grammar of
your own sentence:
According to Ehrenreich, the working poor are
the “major philanthropists of our society”
(221).
Step One
Punctuation Choices
17. Make Full Sentences
Summarize and Quote
Step Two
Ehrenreich accounts for her “first month’s rent and
deposit, $100 for initial groceries and cash in my
pocket, $200 stuffed away for emergencies. In poverty,
as in certain propositions in physics, starting conditions
are everything” (27).
Ehrenreich counts the cash she has to begin with,
explaining that “in poverty, as in certain propositions in
physics, starting conditions are everything” (27).
