Review of Research Papers

1. DR. VMS

2.  Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methodology
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 Figure legends

3.  File Format : Ms Word File
 File Name : first author name
 (example : John.)
 Chapter Heading : Times New Roman, 16, Bold, all
caps
 Author Names : Time New Roman, 14, separated by
comma
 Objectives : Heading, Times New Roman 14,
Bold
 Text, Times New Roman 12, 10 to 12 lines
 Section headings : Times New Roman, 14, Bold,
First letter of
 every word is Capital letter
 Text Details (paragraph) : Times New Roman, 12,
single line spacing
 Minimum Number of Pages : 15 single line spacing
 Maximum Number of Pages : 20

4.  Every chapter should start in a new page
(There are authors who are writing more
than one chapter).
 There should not be any page breaks
between sections i.e., a chapter should
continuously run through.
 Every page should be numbered on the top
right corner. Page number in times new
roman, 12
 Scale from 0 to 16 (please see this file’s
ruler).

5.  Subheadings should be keyed as separate lines of
text with an extra line space above and below.
 Subheadings should be titled and numbered. Use
an initial capital for each main word in the title
(e.g. Part One Theory and Practice).
 Sections should be numbered using 1.1, 1.2 ...
 The section heading and sub section heading be
in Times New Roman - font size 14, Bold and left
aligned.
 It is preferable not to have more than 3 levels of
sectioning. For example

6.  A paragraph should have a minimum of 7 lines.
 Avoid small sentences. A sentence needs to be atleast
one and half lines long. If you are writing small
sentences, please see to that you combine related
sentences using ‘and’, etc.
 At the end of every sentence, after full stop(.) , it is
better to leave two blank spaces. > The regular text
should be in Times New Roman, font size 12, left
justified.
 Lists
 Adopt arabic numbering (1, 2, 3) going to (a), (b),
(c) for subdivisions of points and lower case Roman
numerals (i), (ii), (iii) for further subdivisions.
 Figure

7.  Every figure should be neatly drawn and centered.
 Every figure should be numbered along with the
chapter number serially. For example Figure 3.1.
Data Flow Diagram
 Figure name should be given at the bottom of the
figure
 Naming the figure: The first letter of every word in
the figure name should be in capital letter.
 The figure should be referred in the text. For e.g. :
 Fig. 3.1. Shows the Data Flow Diagram of the system
 Data Flow Diagram (Fig. 3.1) shows that the data
from the clinical data files flows to the Data
Classification process.
 The figure should be given in the same page or the
following page wherever it is referred.

8.  Every table should be neatly drawn and centered.
 Every table should be numbered along with the
chapter number serially.
 Table name should be given above the table.
 Naming the table: The first letter of every word in
the table name should be in capital letter.
 The tables should be referred in the text. For e.g.
 Table 3.1 shows the data structures for the Heart
Rate Data Analytics
 The table should be given in the same page or the
following page, wherever it is referred.
 Please see to that Figure or table is not cutting across
a page.

9.  References should always follow a consistent style.
They can follow the text matter of each chapter.
 > Please follow the name and date (Harvard) system.
In the Harvard system the text reference is given as
King (1998)’ or ‘(King, 1998)’ depending on the
context and the references are listed alphabetically
with serial numbers at the end of the Chapter.
 > Please check very carefully that all references
cited in the text appear in the reference list and
vice versa, and that names and dates are the same
in the text and in the list of references.
 > Please refer ‘Reference Citation Requirements’
given in page 5 and ‘Reference Example‘ given in
pages 6 to 8 of the enclosed ‘detailed guidelines’

10.  in the event that
 in the nature of
 it has been estimated that
 it seems that
 the point I am trying to make
 what I mean to say is
 it may be argued that

11.  for the most part
 for the purpose of
 in a manner of speaking
 in a very real sense
 in my opinion
 in the case of
 in the final analysis

12.  Clunky phrase Equivalent
 A majority of most
 A number of many
 Are of the same opinion agree
 At the present moment now
 By means of by
 Less frequently occurring rare

13.  Clunky phrase Equivalent
 All three of the the three
 Fewer in number fewer
 Give rise to cause
 In all cases always
 In a position to can
 In close proximity to near
 In order to to

14.  Clunky phrase Equivalent
 Attempt try
 Referred to as called
 With the possible exception of except
 Due to the fact that because
 He totally lacked the ability to he couldn’t
 Until such time as until
 For the purpose of for

15. Wordy Pointed
in spite of the fact that although
in the event that if
new innovations innovations
one and the same the same
period of four days four days
personally, I think/feel I think/feel
personal opinion opinion
refer back refer
repeat again repeat
revert back revert
shorter/longer in length shorter/longer
had been previously found had been found

16. Wordy Pointed
small/large in size small/large
square/round/rectangular in shape
surrounded on all sides surrounded
surrounding circumstances circumstances
the future to come the future
there is no doubt but that no doubt
usual/habitual custom custom
unexpected surprise surprise

17.  Clunky phrase Equivalent
 Investigate study
 Optimum best
 Indicate show
 Initiate start
 Currently now
 Facilitate help
 Endeavor
 try
 Ascertain find out

18.  Try to find a way of writing that is
somewhere in the middle, that you are
comfortable with • A certain amount of use
of the first person is fine • Keep sentences
short always (break the argument down into
its logical parts for the reader to understand)
• Keep words short and simple as possible -
except for technical terms

19.  • Do not feel that you are expected to write
in some very literary style • Do not vary
terms for interest (see defining terms later)
• ‘Volunteers acted as evaluators. The
participants…’ • Do not suddenly vary topic •
Do not intentionally create suspense

20.  Contractions such as don’t, can’t and wasn’t
have no place in a formal document • do
not, cannot and was not • They are a way of
documenting the way we speak • - and
signalling informality

21. • Statements in a scientific paper need a
significant consensus to meet the requirements of
a “fact.” • You may form an opinion, but can you
support it to scientific standards? • Use verbs like
suggest, seem, appear, exhibit, indicate, point to,
express, and assert. • “If [x] is true, then [y].”
Fact or possibility? 1. Anecdotal evidence suggests
that cockroaches respond to electrical appliances
or outlets. 2. Cockroach infestation was found in
45 (65.2%) institutions and 558 cockroaches were
collected. 3. Disgust and fear are basic emotions
that protect humans against pathogens and/or
predators.

22.  A scientific style is usually as precise as
possible • Avoid vague terms ‘the web users
tended to…’ • Make sure you know the
meaning of complex words you use ( e.g.
sequencing attribute grammar) • Avoid
colloquial/culturally specific expressions •
‘training wheels interfaces …’ • ‘nailed his
colours to the mast’

23.  Who are you writing to? The answer to this
question should help determine the choices
you make while writing.
 • Make your paper self-sufficient: define
terms, explain abbreviations, clarify details.
Don’t assume pre-existing knowledge that
your readers might not have.
 • Your audience for a scientific paper will
have certain expectations for format, tone,
and style.

24. • You need to persuade your reader that this is an
important document/project and lead them
through the information
• The story
• Do not discuss a concept for three pages and
then define it - reader needs a definition at the
beginning of a discussion of the concept
• Provide introductory/bridging sentences/phrases
•
‘The next section will introduce concepts of web
accessibility and usability in order to establish the
criteria for evaluations of websites by users.’

25. • Early in your paper, define any technical
terms you need to, set p abbreviations and
then stick to them
 • In the case of technical terms, if you vary
them, the reader may think you mean
something different
 ‘web user’, ‘evaluator’, ‘participant’,
‘tester’ are these all the same lot of people?

26.  Spell out all abbreviations and acronyms the
first time you use them
• Even ‘common’ ones
 ‘A long standing controversy within human-
computer interaction (HCI) is…’
 ‘The navigation device relies on GPS (the
Global Positioning System).’

27.  keep quotations fairly rare and keep them brief
• Save them for really key points
 When to quote
 • Where the original author’s words are critical •
 Definitions
 • ‘Accessibility refers to the degree to which an
interactive product is accessible by as many
people as possible’ (Rogers et al. 2011, p.17)
• When the author is a particular authority
• ‘Everything should be made as simple as
possible, but no simpler’ Albert Einstein
• Einstein has great authority – and knew a lot
about complexity versus simplicity (E=mc2)

28. • They can help a reader enormously
• It is OK to use a figure/table from a
published source, if it is acknowledged
• usually in the caption
• Each figure/table should have a clear, stand-
alone caption
• Each figure/table must be referred to in the
text
• otherwise how will the reader know when to
study it?

29.  A citation is, by definition, a reference to a source of
information or data. Things that can be cited include
journal articles, conference proceedings, books,
student theses, newspapers, non-print sources (such as
film or other recorded media), websites or other online
resources, computer materials (such as a published CD-
ROM of data or a piece of software), and personal
communications. The citation should be located in the
text in such a way that it is clear what material
requires the citation.
 Often, this is at the end of a sentence, but sometimes
it must be put in the middle of the sentence to
enhance clarity. Obviously, citations must supply
sufficient detail so that the referenced material can be
found and uniquely identified

30.  Provide sufficient context of the work to allow for
critical analysis of the work by others and thus to enable
the readers to gauge for themselves whether the
author’s conclusions are justified;
 Give the reader sources of background and related
material so that the current work can be understood by
the target audience (thus creating a web of science);
 Establish credibility with the reader (e.g., the authors
knows the field, have done their homework, etc.)
and/or inform the reader that the paper belongs within
a specific school of thought;
 Provide examples of alternate ideas, data, or
conclusions to compare and contrast with this work; and
 Acknowledge and give credit to sources relied upon for
this work (i.e., acknowledge the use of another’s ideas
or data), thus upholding intellectual honesty.

31.  journal selection involves relevance, acceptance
rate, circulation, prestige, and publication time
 the growth of science has led inexorably to a
growth in specialization, both in scientific
disciplines and the journals that serve them.
Today, there are about 30,000 peer-reviewed
journals publishing more than 2 million articles a
year.
 These journals run from the perfectly general to
the highly specialized, but the vast majority of
science journals today are specialized in narrow
fields. The first decision facing prospective authors
is where on the specialization spectrum they
should try to publish.

33. • All statements, whether fact or opinion,
require support.
You may, for example, use…
Peer-reviewed Journals
Quantitative Results (including your own
data!)

34.  • Statements in a scientific paper need a
significant consensus to meet the
requirements of a “fact.”
 • You may form an opinion, but can you
support it to scientific standards?
 • Use verbs like suggest, seem, appear,
exhibit, indicate, point to, express, and
assert. • “If [x] is true, then [y].”

35.  A cover letter is formatted like a standard business
letter and addressed to the Editor-in-Chief.
 Manuscript information: Title of the submitted
manuscript and type of article (letter, regular paper,
special section paper, review, tutorial,
communication,
 etc.). If submitting to a special section, mention the
special section name. Problem being addressed:
What issues led to this work? What gap is being filled?
What is the broader context for this work?
 Novelty of the work: What is new here, not
previously published? “To our knowledge, this is the
first report showing....”
 Significance of the work: Why is the novel content
mentioned above important? What is the potential
impact to the field?

36.  Fit to this journal: Why does this work belong in
and appeal to the readership of this journal?
How will publication of this manuscript benefit
the journal? (Be familiar with the journal scope.)
Mention if this paper builds on a previous paper
published in this journal or is otherwise directly
linked to a paper published in this journal.
 Double publication: “This manuscript has not
been previously published and is not currently in
press, under review, or being considered for
publication by another journal.”
 Author approval: “All authors have read and
approved the manuscript being submitted, and
agree to its submittal to this journal.”

37. Ethic of scientific publication requires
openness, honesty, and integrity on the part of
the authors, all traits that most scientists
readily exhibit.
Write your paper with openness and honesty,
keeping the primary ethic of scientific
publication in mind
Ensure that the work is original and has not
been previously published or submitted for
publication elsewhere
Choose the most appropriate journal and
submit the best manuscript possible.

38.  Plagiarism is generally defined as taking another’s
ideas, images, or words and representing them as
one’s own. It is intellectual theft.
 By presenting ideas, designs, models, processes, or
results without citations, there is a clear implication
that these ideas are original. Thus, the plagiarism of
ideas can also be considered a lapse in proper
citation practices.
 , the use of another’s figure requires not only a
reference to its original publication, but permission
from the figure’s author (and possibly the publisher)
as well. Slight modifications to a figure (the
equivalent of image “paraphrasing”) are not enough
to escape this requirement.
 How many sentences were copied? The greater the
amount of copying, the greater the offense.

39.  Use Endnote (or similar) to output the
references in the correct format
 But, which references do you cite?
 High impact factor journals
 Avoid over citation of yourself
 Write what you know and then reference the
text or you will need to stop every few words