5. Juvenile Involvement in Crime v. System Totals, 2000 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2002 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003).

7. History of Juvenile Justice CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Around 753 BCE Roman law - Children had membership in their family, but the father had absolute control over children and they obeyed his wishes. Patria postestas led to the English concept of “ parens patriae. ” patria postestas – The power of father extended to issues of life and death for all members of the family including slaves, spouses, and children.

15. History of Juvenile Justice CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Juvenile Court Era 1870 - Massachusetts passed legislation requiring separate hearings for juveniles. 1877 - New York passed law requiring separate hearings and prohibiting contact between juvenile and adult offenders. 1898 - Rhode Island passed juvenile court legislation.

16. History of Juvenile Justice CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Juvenile Court Era 1899 - Illinois Juvenile Court Act created a juvenile court, separate in form and function from adult criminal courts. It was considered to be the first juvenile court system in the United States. 1938 - federal level - Juvenile Court Act included many features of the Illinois Act. 1945 - By this year, every state had legislation focusing on juveniles.

17. History of Juvenile Justice CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Juvenile Court based on five principles: a) State is “higher or ultimate parent” for all children. b) The belief that children are worth saving and that non-punitive procedures should be used.

18. History of Juvenile Justice CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Juvenile Court based on five principles: c) The belief that children should be nurtured while being protected. d) Justice for children should be individualized. e) Non-criminal procedures are necessary, and denial of due process can be justified because intent is to “help” not punish.

35. Drug-Related Arrests of Juveniles, 1960-2002 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States , (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, various years).

41. Reports of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1976-2000 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Teen Suicide CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 1960 - Only 475 teen suicides recorded. 1991 - 1,899 teen suicides reported. 1997 - Suicide has become the 6th major cause of death among 5-14 year old children. 1998 - Upwards of 10,000 teen suicides reported.

66. The Juvenile Justice Process CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

74. Limit of Juvenile Court Jurisdiction Over Young Offenders by State CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

79. Post-Juvenile Court Era CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 8E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 2000 report by National Institute of Justice claims: “ Changes in juvenile law and juvenile court procedure are slowly dismantling the jurisdictional border between juvenile and criminal justice.”