Bayesian Probability The geometry of changing beliefs.pptx
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This document discusses Bayes' theorem and its application. It begins with the formula P(H|E)= [P(E|H) P(H)]/P(E) and an example of using it to calculate the probability of a scientist given they are a farmer. It then explains the terms in Bayes' theorem - P(H) is the prior probability of a hypothesis, P(E|H) is the likelihood, P(E) is the marginal probability of evidence, and P(H|E) is the posterior probability. It ends with a quote about the importance of thinking like Bayesians and updating knowledge with new information.
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Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication site, where proteins bind and unwind the DNA. Elongation then uses DNA polymerase III to simultaneously synthesize the leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet at the termination site and halt, resolving issues through proteins like TUS and topoisomerases.
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The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
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DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
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DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
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DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of repeating nucleotides that form a helical structure and contains the genetic information of organisms. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases thymine (T) and cytosine (C). Different DNA structures include A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which vary in their helical sense, base pair orientation, and groove size.
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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- 3. Gopal Gopal is a very shy and withdrawn, invariably helpful but with very little interest in people or in the world of reality. A meek and tidy soul, he has a need for order and structure, and a passion for detail. Seem bookish….. He might be a scientist. Scientist(90%) Farmer(10%) You Scientist Farmer
- 5. 200 4 20 1:20 1 0 P(Scientist given farmer ) = 4/(4+20) = 16.7%
- 6. P(H|E)= [P(E|H) P(H)]/P(E) Bayes’ rule P(H) = Probability of a hypothesis is true (before any evidence) P(E|H)= Probability of seeing the evidence if the hypothesis is true. P(E)= Probability of seeing the evidence. P(H|E)= Probability of hypothesis is true given some evidence.
- 8. What is the probability of the event “both children are girls” (B) conditional on the event “the older child is a girl” (G)?
- 9. “Critical thinking is an active and ongoing process. It requires that we all think like Bayesians, updating our knowledge as new information comes in.”
- 10. THANK YOU