Mik Fei, Application Specialist - Refrigeration APAC, at ATMO Virtual Trade Show 2021. Introduction of CAREL’s complete range of natural refrigerant solutions for commercial refrigeration, including CDUs, HECU CO2, HEOS CO2, and standard rack systems with the pRack 300T series. Transcritical CO2 optimal gas cooler outlet pressure control as the basis for introducing transcritical CO2 system management. Information on different layouts of solutions for CDUs, semi plug-in waterloop system and Rack system. In the last part of this section, we describe the projects that have been completed in China/APAC with CAREL’s CO2 solutions and experience. Know more: natref.carel.com

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CO2 Refrigerant Control Solution
CO2制冷系统控方案
Marketing –Mik Fei
卡乐：费冬锁
2021/3/30

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1. 方案总览

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Applications应用场合

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Solutions&Refrigerants冷媒类型

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2. Plug-in &semiplug-in solutions
自携式及半自携式方案

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Plug&play self contained units即插即用自携式机组
Flexibility灵活性强-自携式
• Easy store lay out change 冷柜布局改变简单
• No space needed for machine room无需机房
Maintenance cost saving 低维护费用
• Reduced leakage risk 低充注低泄漏
• 100% tested unit in factory 100%工厂测试机组
• Each unit works independently 机组独立工作
Eco solution 环保方案
• Reduced refrigerant charge 低制冷剂充注
• R290 and CO2 ready 支持自然冷媒R290和CO2
Condensing unit on board板载冷凝机组
Water cooled semi plug-in 水冷半自携式
Air cooled plug-in风冷自携式
Installation cost saving 安装方便
• Plug&play units 自携式
• Pre-configured units 预配置

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Continuos modulation 实时连续调节
Perfect matching of real cooling capacity根据实际需求
冷量供冷
• Variable speed BLDC compressors 直流变频压缩机
• Widest range of modulation possible宽调节频率
• Superheat modulation 过热度浮动控制
Perfect control 完美控制方案
• Syncronization of speed drives and valves 压缩机和膨胀阀协调控制
• Smart components integration智能控制主板集成
• Advanced control logics专业的控制逻辑
Optimized solutions for natural refrigerants
先进的天然制冷剂控制方案

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Single Circuit单回路
Medium Temp. Transcritical
中温跨临界
Low Temp. subcritical
低温亚临界
Standard ref. system design
标准系统设计
Max P 60/90-120barg
最大压力60/90-120barg
Double Circuit双回路
Low Temp. Cascade低温复叠
Limited refrigerant charge
充注量限制
MT circuit with high water Temp.
中温回路高水温
Single Circuit单回路
Up to 150/500g 充注量150g
Small size loads小负荷
MT/LT application 中低温应用
EN60079 compliant
遵从防爆标准EN60079
Multi Circuit多回路
Up to 3 ref. Circuits 最大3路
All type of loads 不同负荷
MT/LT applications 中低温
EN 60079 compliant
遵从防爆标准EN60079
NatRef Waterloop System天然冷媒水系统

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3. Standard CO2 solutions
标准的CO2并联机组方案

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Pumped泵循环
Cascade复叠 Booster增压型
Standard CO2 solutions 二氧化碳并联机组控制方案
pR300 pR300T

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pRack manages the two separated cycles, running the primary circuit and keeping
the secondary circuit CO2 in efficient subcritical conditions:
pRack管理两个独立的循环，运行一次回路，并使二次回路的二氧化碳保持在有效
的亚临界状态:
• Management of primary circuit, for MT cabinets and intermediate heat exchanger 管
理中温冷柜机组及中间换热器
• Management of secondary circuit, for LT cabinets 管理低温冷柜机组
• Intermediate heat exchanger controlled by temperature 中间换热器通过温度控制
• DSS: double system synchronization, to optimize the two compressors lines activation
中低温回路压缩机协调工作
Subcritical CO2 racks: cascade systems二氧化碳复叠系统
CAREL one stop shop一站式服务
Controller, drivers, valves, sensors,
supervisory system

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Subcritical CO2 racks: pumped systems 二氧化碳泵系统
CAREL one stop shop一站式服务
Controller, drivers, valves, sensors,
supervisory system
Similar to cascade system, in this layout the only purpose of the primary circuit is to
condense CO2 in the secondary refrigerant, used for both MT and eventually LT
stages. pRack manages:
与复叠系统类似，在这种布局中，一次回路的唯一目的是冷却二级回路中的
二氧化碳，用于中温冷柜和低温冷柜。pRack管理:
• Management of compression lines and condenser 管理压缩机及冷凝器
• Intermediate heat exchanger controlled by temperature中间换热器通过温度控制
• DSS: double system synchronization, to optimize the two compressors lines activation
中低温回路协调工作

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Transcritical CO2 racks: booster System 二氧化碳增压型系统
CAREL one stop shop一站式服务
Controller, drivers, valves, sensors,
supervisory system
Booster systems work with CO2 only, operating in both transcritical or
subcritical mode accordingly to ambient temperature conditions. pRack
manages:
增压系统只使用二氧化碳制冷剂，根据环境温度在跨临界或亚临界模式下
工作。pRack管理:
• MT, LT and Parallel compression lines 高压压缩机，低压压缩机及辅助压缩机
• HPV and RPRV regulation valves, with optimized gas cooler and receiver pressures
• 高压阀及闪气旁通阀
• DSS: double system synchronization, to optimize the two compressors lines
activation中低温回路压缩机协调工作

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二氧化碳增压型系统，如何控制？

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pR300T: Optimal pressure definition
 Critical pressure= 73,84 bar
 Critical temperature=31,06 °C
This 2 conditions identifies the CO2
CRITICAL POINT: end point of the
pressure-temperature curve.
Above this point liquid and gas phase
can’t coexist.
二氧化碳临界点描述

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In TRANSCRITICAL operation: 跨临界状态下
 no more direct correlation between pressure and temperature 温度和压力没有对应关系
 no more condensation at constant temperature  GAS COOLER instead of condenser
没有冷凝温度，气冷器代替冷凝器
Therefore, given a Gas Cooler Outlet T (ToutGC), it is possible to use the ExV to control
the high pressure to different values. 在同一气冷器出口温度下，可以通过EXV控制得到不同
的压力
It is possible to calculate an Optimal Pressure (OP) that maximizes the efficiency (COP) of
the system for each ToutGC. 可以使出口压力处于最优压力值，从而最大化COP值
In pRack, this function of ToutGC is defined for transcritical, intermediate and subcritical
operation. pRackT可以根据气冷器出口温度，控制系统工作在不同状态
pR300T: Optimal pressure definition

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CO2自然工质制冷系统控制
CO2 Refrigerant control solution
Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle has specific gas cooler pressure
(popt) that gives maximum COP. This pressure is not constant and
varies when the rest of the cycle operating parameters change.
超临界CO2制冷循环有一个特定的压力能使COP达到最大。这个压力不
是恒定的，当其他循环操作参数改变时，压力也会变化。

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HPV valve:keeps optimal gas cooler working pressure (max COP
algorithm)
Liquid receiver: :gas-liquid separator at intermediate pressure. It
allows:
- to adapt the system to variable cooling loads
- to feed evaporators and expansion valves with liquid only
RPRV flash gas valve: keeps constant pressure inside the liquid
receiver
COP = 1.90
COP = 2.31
COP = 2.28
Fixed Gas Cooler
Outlet
Temperature
高压阀: 保持最优的气冷器工作压力(遵循最优COP算法)
储液罐: 维持在中间压力让气液分离，以:
- 适应变化的系统冷量需求
- 对蒸发器保证液态制冷器的供给
储液罐压力保持阀(闪蒸气阀) : 维持储液罐里的压力在恒定
范围内
让二氧化碳跨临界系统在跨临界区间以最优COP运行
Manage the CO2-T system running in Trans Zone with Max COP

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跨临界区间 Transcritical Zone
根据Gas Cooler的温度(和蒸发温度)计算出当前最优的控制压力(以遵循最优
COP的路径)进行HPV阀的PI调节
Calculation of the optimal Gas Cooler pressure to maximize COP looking at gas
cooler temperature and (optional) evaporation temperature.PI regulation on
HPV valve to maintain the optimum pressure
临界区间 Intermediate Zone
HPV阀PI调节旨在更平顺的在亚临界状态与跨临界区间中切换
PI regulation to keep smoother the hand over from transcritical to subcritical
亚临界区间Subcritical Zone
HPV阀的PI调节旨在维持一个固定的过冷值
PI regulation of the HPV valve to maintain a fixed value of subcooling
安全区间Safety zone
当Gas Cooler的压力进入此区间，HPV不再进行PI调节，取而代之以比例开度
进行动作以避免进一步增加高压段的压力
When gas cooler pressure goes insde this zone, the HPV valve leaves the PI
regulation and open proportionally to avoid further increase of the high stage
pressure
如何管理二氧化碳跨临界系统在不同的工作区间内顺利切换
How to manage the CO2-T system in different zone

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过冷器 Subcooler.
闪发气体提供额外的冷量供给给蒸发器，提高焓差
It exploits the gas temperature after the expansion of the flash
valve to subcool liquid coming from the receiver. Result is
higher enthalpy difference that is more specific cooling effect.
热回收Heat reclaim
具备热回收控制逻辑
To use hot CO2 for domestic hot water
production or space heating.
集成系统控制优化二氧化碳跨临界系统 - Part1
CO2 transcritical cycle optimization – Part1

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Eco Compressors
Chillbooster
蒸发冷却 Evaporative cooling
控制高压水雾化器以降低气冷器周围的空气温度以提供额外
的冷量
并行压缩机Eco compressors
• 减少闪发气体旁通，提高主压缩机效率
• Flash gas bypass reduction
• 提高系统在高环温环境运行效率Higher efficiency at
higher ambient temp.
集成系统控制优化二氧化碳跨临界系统 - Part2
CO2 transcritical cycle optimization – Part2

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4. CO2 High Efficiency Solutions
CO2高效方案

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DC inverter for compressors 直流变频压缩机
High efficiency solutions for centralized systems高效二氧化碳集中供冷系统
CO2 meets CAREL’s continuous modulations technologies: 应用卡乐连续调节技术
ExV electronic valves and ejectors 电子膨胀阀或喷射器

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DC Transcritical CO2 Condensing Units
跨临界CO2冷凝机组 特性
 Intuitive programming and fast commissioning tools快速调试
 Compact dimensions and weight紧凑的设计
 System solution in compact, fully-integrated equipment: 集成方
案
• Hecu CO2 controller主控器
Total unit transcritical management跨临界管理
• R744 DC Inverter Rotary compressor CO2转子压缩机
Essential and innovative component developed exclusively for
CAREL by Toshiba Compressors in Japan 日本东芝专为卡乐方
案设计
• Advanced DC compressor driver 压缩机变频驱动
Extend compressor efficiency 提高能效
Wide range of models and sizes 宽范围调节
• Connection with refrigerated units 连接末端
Cabinets (MPX PRO) and Cold Rooms (UltraCella) controllers
实时和末端通讯

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 Booster system (Toshiba)
with HPV valve only
 Higher LT capacity
DC Transcritical CO2 Condensing Units
跨临界CO2冷凝机组 系统
MT/LT double stage trans-critical
中低温双级跨临界
LT booster trans-critical
低温增压（booster）跨临界
MT single stage trans-critical
中温单级跨临界
 Double stage compressor
(Panasonic)
 Intermediate pressure
control
 Vertical compressors
 Standard single circuit
(Toshiba)
 MT transcritical
 HPV + RPRV management

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Extremely wide modulation range (5-100%)
超宽频调节5-100%
Advanced oil management system with balance pipes
先进的回油平衡系统
Perfect for retrofits to replace outdated HFC systems
完美替代HFC系统
Low noise, perfect for urban installation
低噪音
Compact design (Europallet base, 2 m high)
紧凑的设计（欧式托盘，2米高）
MultiDC is Carel’s full-BLDC modulating booster system, with up
to 4 compressors in medium temperature line (up to 35kW MT)
and up to 2 compressors in low temperature line (up to 10kW
LT).
MultiDC是卡乐的全直流变频增压系统，可最多支持中温4台
压缩机(最高可达35kW )，低温2台压缩机(最高可达10kW )。
MultiDC booster rack for CO2多直流变频压缩机并联增压系统
Full DC rack for the widest capacity modulation 宽频调节

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什么是二氧化碳喷射器系统？

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喷射器作用:由高压流体(红色箭头)通过喷嘴喷射以携带并压缩低
压流体(蓝色箭头)
在二氧化碳跨临界循环中喷射器可取代高压阀
Ejector aim: carry and compress a low pressure fluid (blue arrow) using the
energy provided by a high pressure fluid that flows through a nozzle (red arrow)
In a CO2 transcritical cycle it can replace the HPV valve.
更低的压比 = 更低的能耗
Lower compressor ratio=less
power consumption
由喷射器提供的压缩做工
Compression work done by the
ejector
带喷射器(引射器)的二氧化碳跨临界系统
CO2 transcritical optimization through ejector

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SIZE
kW
MODEL
MIN
STEP
MAX
STEP
CLOSE
STEPS
STATOR
MODEL
20 E2J17AS1N0 50 160 180 E2V
35 E2J23AT1N0 50 230 250 E2V
45 E3J26AT2N0 50 330 350 E3V
70 E3J33AU2N0 50 410 430 E3V
105 E3J39AV3N0 50 460 480 E3V
135 E6J50AV3N0 50 310 330 E6V
Outlet – to
Liquid receiver
Inlet - From Gas Cooler
Inlet – MT suction
COMPATIBILITY R744
MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE (MWP) 120barg
MAXIMUM OPERATING DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MODP) 75bar
PED Gr.1 and 2 art.4, par.3
REFRIGERANT TEMPERATURE -35°C / +55°C
ROOM TEMPERATURE -30°C / +60°C
CAREL STATOR 450 ma
CONTROL FREQUENCY 50Hz
PHASE RESISTANCE 36 Ohm ± 10%
IP PROTECTION IP67 WITH E2VCAB***
CONNECTIONS 4 WIRES
CAREL步进连续可调喷射器(引射器) - EMJ
CAREL modulating ejector - EMJ

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何时使用二氧化碳喷射器系统？

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CO2系统的节能取决于采用的技术以及环境温度
Energy savings are dependent on technology and climate.
 在低环境温度的地区使用，由于大部分时间运行在亚临界状况下，对全年
整体的COP不会有太多影响
 Operation in cold climates do not see any limitation in terms of CO2
application: usually subcritical conditions which doesn’t affect the overall COP
 在中环境温度地区部署，可以通过以下方式提升系统效率
 Efficiency in mild climates can be improved through:
 ECO compressors
 Chillbooster (evaporative cooling)
 部署在温暖环境地区的CO2跨临界系统，将面临系统低效运行以及运行
不经济的问题。这些主要是由于在跨临界状态下大量的闪发气体的产生
而造成的。
 Installation in warmer climates could face up lack of efficiency or economical
competitivity. This is mainly due to a huge flash gas production during transcritical
operation.
FLASH GAS = COSTS $$$$
 No cooling effect
Ejectors as the state of art for technology boost in CO2
most severe transcritical cycles.
喷射器技术可以让CO2系统更高效地工作在高温跨临界区域
二氧化碳跨临界系统理论赤道
CO2 transcritical theoretical equator
Cold Climate <10C
10C<Middle
Climate<15C
Warm Climate>15C

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基础CO2跨临界系统
Traditional CO2 Trans. system 带有喷射器的CO2跨临界系统(在喷射模式下)
CO2 Trans. System with EJ (operating in Ejector mode)
~35
barg
~30
barg 2°K SH
~ 35
barg
~26
barg
10°K SH
MT comp
setp = 26
barg
MT comp
setp = 30
barg
Standard booster system VS ejector system -1
标准增压系统VS喷射器系统-1

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基准模式Baseline mode
(winter):
ejector working as HPV
并行压缩模式ECO mode
(mild-warm climate conditions):
ejector working as HPV and
parallel compressor activation
喷射EMJ mode
(summer conditions):
Ejector activation
带有EMJ的二氧化碳跨临界系统不同工况
CO2-Trans system with EMJ

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Baseline mode WINTER CONDITIONS 冬季模式- 喷射器等同高压阀
• Ejectors are managed as if they were a standard HPV valve
(ejector suction valves are always closed). 喷射器等同高压阀
• Three ways valve puts in connection MT compr. suction with
outlet of MT utilities. 中温柜出气回压缩机吸气侧
• Eco compressors deactivated. 并行压缩机不工作
• Receiver pressure directly controlled by flash valve (set point)
• Flash valve working. 闪气阀调节储液罐压力
• MT compressors are working on MT evap. pressure (26 bar).
中温压缩机工作在蒸发压力设点
MT evap P = 26 bar
SH in cabinets = 10K
Receiver
P = 35 bar
Suct MT
P = 26 bar
1 2
3
11
12
9
8
7
5
6
4
10

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Eco mode MILD-WARM CONDITIONS 过度季节
• Ejectors are managed as if they were a standard HPV valve
(ejector suction valves are always closed).喷射器等同高压阀
• Three ways valve puts in connection MT compr. suction with
outlet of MT utilities.中温柜出气回压缩机吸气侧
• Eco compressors activated. 并行压缩机工作调节储液罐压力
• Receiver pressure directly controlled by eco compr. (set point)
• Flash valve not working (offset is applied to its set point).闪气
阀关闭
MT compressors are working on MT evap. pressure. 中温压缩机
工作在蒸发压力设点
Receiver
P =35 bar
Suct MT
P = 26 bar Suct ECO
P = 35 bar
MT evap P = 26 bar
SH in cabinets = 10K
1 2
3
11
12
9
8
7
5
6
4
10

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10
EMJ mode
SUMMER CONDITIONS夏季工况（喷射器模式）
• Ejectors suction valves opened and EMJ controlled as HPV valves in full EMJ
mode: lift from MT evap press to receiver one.引射口电磁阀打开
• Three way valve put in connection MT compr. suction with receiver储液罐闪
气回压缩机吸气侧
• Eco modulating compressor is shifted to MT rack (same set point)并行压缩机
等同中温压缩机
• Receiver pressure no more directly controlled (floating pressure)不直接控制
储液罐压力
• Flash valve not working (an offset is applied to set point).闪气阀不工作
• Superheat SH of MT evaporators is decreased (semi-flooded).中温柜过热度降
低
• MT compressor are still controlled by outlet pressure of MT utilities but an
offset is applied to this value (higher suction pressure).中温压缩机+并行压缩
机根据抬高的中温蒸发压力设点工作
1
2
3
11
12
9
8
7
5
6
4
MT evap P = 30 bar
SH in cabinets = 3K
Suct ECO
P = 33-38 bar
Suct MT
P = 33-38 bar
Receiver
P = 33-38bar

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Miami迈阿密
（美国）
Avg temp: 24,1°C
EmJ gain: 19,9%
Johannesburg南非
Avg temp: 15,8°C
EmJ gain: 9,0%
Cape Town南非
Avg temp: 16,5°C
EmJ gain: 8,7%
Durban南非
Avg temp: 20,9°C
EmJ gain: 14,5%
Sidney澳大利亚
Avg temp: 18,4°C
EmJ gain: 11,0%
Tokyo东京（日
本）
Avg temp: 13,1°C
EmJ gain: 9,6%
Madrid马德里
（西班牙）
Avg temp: 14,3°C
EmJ gain: 10,1%
Beijing北京
Avg temp: 12,8°C
EmJ gain: 12,4%
Berlin柏林（德
国）
Avg temp: 9,4°C
EmJ gain: 7,5%
Rio de Janeiro
巴西
Avg temp: 24,0°C
EmJ gain: 19,1%
Avg annual temperature
Bloemfontein南非
Avg temp: 15,6°C
EmJ gain: 11,7%
EmJ - Modulating Ejector 喷射器不同地区节能数据
Ejector benefits in different climates based on experimental models

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5. 中国跨临界CO2项目

39. This document and all of its contents are property of CAREL. All unauthorised use, reproduction or distribution of this document or the information contained in it, by anyone other than CAREL, is severely forbidden.
卡乐方案-北京冬奥会冰场项目
多级热回收，增压型CO2跨临界系统
百尔制冷（无锡）有限公司：
• 6 MT压缩机
• 6 LT压缩机
• HPV
• 3级热回收
艾斯特制冷与太阳能技术(北京)有限公司：
• 5 MT压缩机
• 5 LT压缩机
• HPV
• 3级热回收

40. This document and all of its contents are property of CAREL. All unauthorised use, reproduction or distribution of this document or the information contained in it, by anyone other than CAREL, is severely forbidden.
卡乐方案-带喷射器的冰场项目
带喷射器的增压型CO2跨临界+CO2桶泵系统
松下冷机系统(大连)有限公司：
• 6 主压缩机
• 4 并行压缩机
• Ejector+HPV
山东神舟制冷设备有限公司：
• 6 主压缩机
• 2并行压缩机
• Ejector+HPV

41. This document and all of its contents are property of CAREL. All unauthorised use, reproduction or distribution of this document or the information contained in it, by anyone other than CAREL, is severely forbidden.
卡乐方案-大学合作项目
• 山东商业职业技术学院
• 华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院
（进行中…）

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卡乐方案-商超项目
• 麦德龙北京立水桥店
• 麦德龙北京十里河店

43. This document and all of its contents are property of CAREL. All unauthorised use, reproduction or distribution of this document or the information contained in it, by anyone other than CAREL, is severely forbidden.
卡乐方案-客户出口项目
松下冷机系统(大连)有限公司：
该系统是位于日本大阪市港口的冷藏仓库，
主要负责处理冷藏和冷冻食品。今年11月，
该仓库使用了由松下设计和制造的创新二
氧化碳制冷系统，该系统包括10个80马
力和4个40马力的并联机组。所有的机组
都使用CO2作为制冷剂，并使用CAREL
pRack300T 二氧化碳跨临界解决方案。

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卡乐方案-客户出口项目
山东神舟制冷设备有限公司：
保加利亚项目
• 4 MT压缩机
• 5 LT压缩机
• 1 主机/并行压缩机（切换）
• 1 HPV
• 1 RPRV
• 3级热回收

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Thank you for your listen！
谢谢您的聆听！