Andrea Oscar Frisiero, Application Specialist - Indoor Air Quality and Climate Control, approfondisce il tema dell'IAQ e descrivendo i parametri fondamentali da monitorare e il loro impatto su comfort e salute

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La salubrità ambientale indoor
i parametri fondamentali da monitorare
ed il loro impatto su comfort e salute
Andrea Oscar Frisiero
5 Giugno 2020

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Indoor Air Quality

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Indoor air quality
Un’aria pulita è un requisito di base per la vita.
La qualità dell’aria dentro a case, uffici, scuole, edifici pubblici,
strutture sanitarie, […] è una condizione essenziale per la salute
ed il benessere.
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality – selected pollutants

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A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants (2001)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11477521/
The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS)
90%del tempo all’interno
di un edificio

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30%edifici nuovi e ristrutturati presentano un
problema di IAQ
Review of recent research in Indoor Air Quality (1984)
https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100FN18.TXT
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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Dall’indice di
affollamento…
…all’indice di
inquinamento

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Temperatura
Umidità relativa
Velocità dell’aria
FATTORI
CLIMATICI
Radon
Radiazioni
ionizzanti
Rumore
FATTORI
FISICI
FATTORI
CHIMICI
CO2
CO
VOC
Formaldeide
NOX
Particolato (PM)
FATTORI
BIOLOGICI
Microorganismi
Agenti patogeni
IAQ
Campi
elettromagnetici

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FATTORI
CHIMICI
CO2
CO
VOC
Formaldeide
NOX
Particolato (PM)
FATTORI
BIOLOGICI
Microorganismi
Agenti patogeni
Temperatura
Umidità relativa
Velocità dell’aria
FATTORI
CLIMATICI
Radon
Radiazioni
ionizzanti
Rumore
FATTORI
FISICI
Campi
elettromagnetici
IAQ

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Perché monitorare

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CO2
Anidride carbonica
Principale gas serra emesso
dall’attività umana
Fonti:
 Respirazione umana
 Combustione
Rischi ad alte concentrazioni:
 Iperventilazione
 Affaticamento
 Mal di testa
 Confusione
Principale parametro usato per controllare i ricambi
d’aria di un ambiente

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VOC
Composti organici
volatili
Fra cui la più diffusa è la
Formaldeide
Fonti:
 Vernici
 Solventi
 Spray
 Cosmetici
 Detergenti e disinfettanti
Rischi ad alte concentrazioni:
 Irritazioni anche gravi a occhi e sistema
respiratorio
 Mal di testa
 Disturbi alla memoria
 Probabile effetto cancerogeno
Conc. interna = 10x
conc. esterna

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RADON
Gas radioattivo derivato dal
decadimento dell’Uranio nel
suolo
Fonti:
 Suolo (il gas è trasportato poi
all’interno dall’aria)
 Alcuni materiali da costruzione (tufo)
Rischi ad alte concentrazioni:
 Cancro
A livello internazionale è in media la seconda causa per
cancro ai polmoni dopo il fumo di sigaretta
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/radon-and-health

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UR %
Umidità relativa
Rapporto fra la quantità
d’acqua contenuta nell’aria e la
massima quantità contenibile
Rischi ad alte concentrazioni:
 Muffe
Rischi a basse concentrazioni:
 Aumentata trasmissibilità malattie
aeree
 Ridotte difese delle vie respiratorie
 Aumentata vitalità di alcuni virus
Il controllo di UR ha il maggiore effetto nella riduzione
dell’infettività delle malattie trasmesse per via aerea

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L’infettività del virus dell’influenza crolla quando l’umidità relativa
supera il 40%.
In generale il livello ideale di UR per la salute umana è fra il 40 ed il 60%.
Noti J.D et al. (2013),“High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs”.

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L’aumento di temperatura e umidità relativa riducono la
trasmissibilità del COVID-19:
un aumento di +1°C e +1%UR diminuiscono il coefficiente di riproduzione R
dello 0.0225 e 0.0158 rispettivamente.
HighTemperature and High Humidity Reduce theTransmission of COVID-19 – JingyuanWang et al. March 9, 2020

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Conclusioni

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Indoor air quality
È la prossima grande sfida nel mondo della ventilazione
1. Consapevolezza
2. Monitoraggio
3. Controllo

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Dalla misura al controllo
tecnologie per la gestione delle unità trattamento
aria per coniugare salubrità,
sicurezza ed efficienza energetica
Andrea Pagan
5 Giugno, 2020

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Dall’ informazione all’azione
Data
acquisition
Information
Processing
Set
working
conditions
edge computing
Automazione e controllo
cloud
Sensori multipli

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Salubrità dell’aria VS Efficienza energetica

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Gli obiettivi e
le strategie di controllo

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Gli obiettivi del controllo
Assicurare la corretta quantità e
qualità dell'aria introdotta in ambiente

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Quantità e qualità dell'aria in ambiente
CO2 VOC
Strategia : Aumento della portata in
ragione del livello di contaminazione
Scopo : Diluizione dei contaminanti in
ambiente

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Quantità e qualità dell'aria in ambiente
Strategia : Chiusura forzata della
serranda di ricircolo
Scopo : Prevenzione re-immissione
dell'aria contaminata all’interno
dell’ambiente

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Quantità e qualità dell'aria in ambiente
dP
Strategia : Mantenimento in
sovrapressione degli ambienti
Scopo : prevenire infiltrazioni di aria
contaminata all’interno dell’ambiente

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Quantità e qualità dell'aria in ambiente
rH
rH
Lim.
Strategia : Controllo accurato
dell’umidificazione
Scopo : Mantenimento umidità relativa
tra 40-60%rh

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Quantità e qualità dell'aria in ambiente
Strategia : Controllo della caduta di
pressione su filtri assoluti
Scopo : Verifica dello stato di occlusione
dei filtri HEPA

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Quantità e qualità dell'aria in ambiente
Strategia : Controllo integrato sistemi
di sanificazione dell’aria (UV, ozono,..)
Scopo : eliminazione di contaminanti
biologici introdotti in ambiente

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Gli obiettivi del controllo
…quando serve, in base al profilo
d’uso dell’edificio

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Quando serve in base al profilo d’uso
8 18 daytime
Unit ON
Pre-ventilazione Post-ventilazione
NIGHT

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Gli obiettivi del controllo
Prevenire l'insorgenza di contaminazione
all'interno dei sistemi di ventilazione

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Gli obiettivi del controllo
Mantenendo le performance
nel tempo

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Prevenire l'insorgenza di contaminazione
Strategie di funzionamento
Programma manutenzione
Standard di igienicità

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Il monitoraggio remoto quale strumento di verifica dello scostamento tra
condizioni ideali e la realtà. Intervento immediato in caso di
malfunzionamento
Mantenere le performance nel tempo
Continuous commissioning
24/7

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Conclusioni

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Il paradigma del controllo «Intellingente»
CO2
VOC
NOx
°C%rH
formaldeide
kWh
Molteplicità
dimensionale
Strategie
evolute
Salute ed
Efficienza

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simone.grisenti@carel.com
andreaoscar.frisiero@carel.com
andrea.pagan@carel.com