Climate zone

1. COLD AND SUNNNY ZONE
Prepared by
Bereket Araya ugr/22768/13
Bezawit teklay ugr/
Kalkidan ugr/
Mihret Alemayew ugr/23603/13
Meron berihun ugr/

2. INTRODUCTION
Cold and sunny climate is both chilly and
sunny in this case the air is cold to the point
that the energy from the sun not enough to
warm the place.

3.  The area which is noun by the cold and sunny air condition is
leh (ladakh)
 Leh is found in Indian
 The area is mountainous, sparsely vegetated, and regarded as a
cold desert.
 There is very little temperature
precipitation which is vary
between day and night
 The settlement is steep slope
and facing southward for the
rezone to gate good insulation
during day time

5. Mustang, Nepal
Mustang, also known as the former Kingdom of Lo, is a remote and isolated region of the Nepalese Himalayas. It is situated in the north-central
part of Nepal, bordering the Tibetan Plateau, and is a part of the larger Mustang District. This region is known for its cold and desert climate, as it
falls in the rain shadow of the Himalaya.
This cold and desert-like climate has shaped the unique landscape and culture of the region. Mustang is characterized by its rugged, arid terrain
with barren hills and deep canyons. Vegetation is sparse, with only a few hardy shrubs and grasses managing to survive the harsh conditions.
Agriculture is limited and mostly depends on the irrigated river valleys, where crops like barley, wheat, and potatoes can be grown.
Despite its inhospitable environment, Mustang is home to a rich and unique culture that has been well preserved over the
centuries. The area is known for its ancient monasteries, unique architecture, and historical sites such as the walled city of
Lo Manthang, which was once the capital of the Kingdom of Lo. The people of Mustang, known as the Loba or the people of
Lo, have a distinct culture influenced by both Nepalese and Tibetan traditions. Buddhism is the dominant religion, and the
inhabitants speak a dialect of the Tibetan language.
The harsh climate and arid landscape have created a unique and fascinating ecosystem in Mustang. The region is home to
a surprising variety of wildlife, including the elusive snow leopard, blue sheep, and Himalayan Tahr . The Kali Gandaki
River, which flows through Mustang, is known for its fossils, including ammonites considered sacred and used as religious
symbols in the region.

6.  Temperature on different months
 Mustang in Spring (April and May) :-During this season, the average temperature at daytime is about 16°C to 22°C while -6°C to -2°C at
night.
 Mustang in Monsoon (June to September):-The average daytime temperature ranges from 13°C to 20°C while the temperature drops
down from -3°C to 0°C at night. The temperatures are highest on average in June at around 11.0 °C.
 Mustang in Autumn (October and November):-temperature range from 12 to 20°C at day and -8 to -4°C at night .
 Mustang in Winter (December, January, and February):-January is the coldest month of the year. Its average temperature is about 0 to
5°C a day and -25 to 20 at night.
 Humidity & wind speed
 The region experiences around 46.2% relative humidity. May is the windiest months of the year followed by April. Its average wind speed of
around 4.1 knots (4.7 MPH or 7.5 KPH) is considered as “a light breeze”.
 Maximum sustained winds are at their highest in late April where average top sustained speeds reach 9.3 knots. This is considered a gentle
breeze.
 Rainfall
 This region has a cold semi-arid desert climate due to its rain-shadow location, where the tall Himalayan range prevents most of the monsoon
rains from reaching it. However, it still experiences some seasonal rainfall, as well as winter precipitation in the form of snow.

 While the Mustang region does not receive a large amount of rainfall, the precipitation varies during different seasons. The monsoon season
in Nepal typically occurs between June and September, but Mustang remains comparatively drier compared to other parts of the country.
Although the region receives some rainfall during this time, it is usually sparse and scattered.

 In the winter months, which often extend from November to February, the region experiences much colder temperatures, and snowfall can
become quite common, particularly in the higher altitudes. The cold desert climate of Mustang, combined with its limited rainfall and snowfall,
 Ground Condition
 The region is situated in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, which means it receives significantly less rainfall than other areas in Nepal. As a
result, the landscape is predominantly arid, with dry and rocky terrain.Due to the cold and arid conditions, vegetation is sparse, and the
landscape is characterized by barren hills, rugged cliffs, and deep canyons. Water sources are scarce, which makes agriculture difficult in the
region.


 This cold and desert-like climate has shaped the unique landscape and culture of the region. Mustang is characterized by its rugged, arid
terrain with barren hills and deep canyons. Vegetation is sparse, with only a few hardy shrubs and grasses managing to survive the harsh
conditions. Agriculture is limited and

7. The Temperature range
 The sun radiation is typically higher and contains relatively diffuse radiation. In summer time
there is higher range
During day from 17 to 24 degree calicos
During night from 4 to 11 degree calicos
 The temperature during winter range
During day from -7 to 8 degree calicos
During night from -14 to 0 degree calicos
As a result winter are bitterly cold.
 In this type of areas the average
highest temperature occurs in august
around 10.0 degree C or 50.1 degree F.
 The lowest average temperature in
the year occur in January, when it is
around -20.6 degree C or -5.0 degree F.

8. Wind speed
 The wind speed in a cold and sunny climate zone can vary greatly from month to
month.
 In the winter months, wind speeds tend to be higher due to the cold air and the
increased pressure gradient between the cold air and the warmer air.
 In the summer months, wind speeds tend to be lower due to the warmer air and
the decreased pressure gradient.
 January: 8-12 mph
 February: 8-14 mph
 March: 10-15 mph
 April: 10-15 mph
 May: 10-15 mph
 June: 8-12 mph
 July: 6-10 mph
 August: 6-10 mph
 September: 8-12 mph

9.  October: 8-14 mph
 November: 8-14 mph
 December: 8-12 mph
 Daytime wind speeds in a cold and sunny climate zone can vary greatly depending on
the season.
In the winter, daytime wind speeds can range from 5 to 15 mph,
In the summer, daytime wind speeds can range from 10 to 25
mph.
 Night time wind speeds in a cold and sunny climate zone are typically much lower
than daytime wind speeds.
In the winter, nighttime wind speeds can range from 0 to 5 mph,
In the summer, nighttime wind speeds can range from 5 to
10 mph.

10. Wind direction
 In summer months the wind is predominantly flow from the west
 In winter months cold wind and blow from the south and the southeast
 In the cold and sunny climate zone, the prevailing wind direction is typically
from the west or northwest.
 during the early morning the lower region get heat first hot air rise and move to
the higher parts those
result in warm wind from the
west during the evening
higher location are cool down
first col winds blow from the
east during night

11. Humidity level
The humidity level in a cold and sunny climate
zone can vary greatly depending on the season.
In the winter, the humidity level is usually low
due to the cold temperatures and dry air.
 In the summer, the humidity level is usually
higher due to the warmer temperatures and
increased evaporation.
The relative humidity is consistently low range
about 10-50%

12. The humidity levels in cold and sunny climate zones can vary
throughout the year. Here is a general overview of the humidity levels
in each month for a cold and sunny climate zone:
- January: Humidity levels are generally low during this month, with an
average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- February: Humidity levels remain low during this month, with an
average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- March: Humidity levels start to increase slightly during this month,
with an average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- April: Humidity levels continue to increase during this month, with
an average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- May: Humidity levels can vary during this month, with an average
relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- June: Humidity levels can start to increase during this month, with
an average relative humidity of around 60% or higher.
- July: Humidity levels can be high during this month, with an average
relative humidity of around 60% or higher.
- August: Humidity levels can be high during this month, with an
average relative humidity of around 60% or higher.
- September: Humidity levels can vary during this month, with an
average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- October: Humidity levels can vary during this month, with an
average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- November: Humidity levels start to decrease during this month, with
an average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.
- December: Humidity levels remain low during this month, with an
average relative humidity of around 60% or lower.

13. Cloud condition
In a cold and sunny climate zone, the
cloud condition would typically be
clear or mostly clear skies with few
clouds. However, depending on the
specific location and weather
patterns, there may be some
scattered clouds or occasional
periods of overcast skies. It's
important to check the local weather
forecast for the most accurate
information

14. Amount of rainfall
 In cold and sunny climate zones the annual rainfall is vary in different months
 The least amount of rain fall is occur in October the average in this month is
19mm0.7 inch.
 The greatest amount of rainfall occur in August with average of 64mm2.5inch.
 January: 0.5 inches
 February: 0.7 inches
 March: 0.9 inches
 April: 1.2 inches
 May: 1.5 inches
 June: 1.2 inches
 July: 0.9 inches
 August: 2.5 inches
 September: 0.5 inches
 October: 0.7 inches
 November: 0.9 inches
 December: 1.2 inches

15. Air quality
 The air quality in a cold and sunny climate zone can vary
greatly depending on the region and the season.
 In general, air quality in cold and sunny climates tends to be
better than in other climates due to the lack of air pollution from
industry and vehicles.
 During the winter months, air quality can be affected by the
burning of wood and other fuels for heating, as well as the
presence of dust and pollen.
 During the summer months, air quality can be affected by the
presence of ozone, which is created when sunlight reacts with
pollutants in the air. In addition, air quality can be affected by
the presence of smoke from wildfires and other sources.

17. Ground condition
 In a cold and sunny climate zone, the ground condition
is typically dry and hard.
 The soil is usually sandy or rocky, and the
temperatures can range from below freezing to above
freezing.
 The ground can be prone to frost heaving, which can
cause damage to plants and structures.
 In addition, the soil can be low in organic matter,
making it difficult for plants to take root and thrive.

18. Sunshine
 In cold and sunny climate zone
the month with the most daily
hours of sunshine is July. The
average is 10.06hours of sunshine.
The total is 311.91 hours of sunshine
 The month with a few sunshine
is January with average 7.15 hours
and the total is 221.7 hours
 The yearly sunshine of the zone is
around 3200.13 hours the average is around
105.1 hours

19. Water bodies
 1. Lakes: Great Bear Lake (Canada), Lake Geneva
(Switzerland), Lake Baikal (Russia), Lake Titicaca
(Peru/Bolivia)
 2. Rivers: The Danube (Europe), The Rhine (Europe), The
Volga (Russia), The Colorado (USA)
 3. Oceans: Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, South
Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean

20. architecture
In cold and sunny climate region the house are designed to
combat the climate
Majority of months require passive heating techniques. Except
June and July they are the most comfortable months.
They construct their wall from mud and the roof from the
timbre and mud which cause the temperature difference
inside and out
All spaces are oriented toward the south so they receive
natural daylight and the quality of spaces is achieved

21. Con…..
 Strategies that help to achieving termal comfort to the building.
 SUN SPACES
Is used to store heat in a space which can
be drawn into the adjoining room
immediately or later when n
 EARTH COUPLING
Is clone on the northern side of
a building to reduce the heat loss
from the building

22. Con….
Heat gain from roof can be maximized by indining it at
angel perpendicular to the angel of the
sun this strategy also used in windows
Double glazed glass
help in retaining the heat inside and space

23. Con….
Insulation
Can be used on northern walls,roof as well
as flooring to reduce the heat loss from the
building
• A stone plinth can be used as
water proofing
In summer months the west face of building
in winter months the temperature of the
building walls by large amount