2. What is Plumbing?
• Plumbing refers to the system of pipes, fixtures, and
other components installed in buildings for the
distribution of water supply, as well as the disposal
of wastewater and other fluids
• It encompasses various aspects of installing,
maintaining, and repairing plumbing systems, including
using pipes, valves, faucets, drains, toilets, sinks,
showers, and water heaters to ensure the proper flow
and management of water within a building
plumbum (latin)--lead
3. Pipe materials
Pipe Selection criteria
• Material being transported
• Quantity of liquid to be transported
• Temperature of liquid passing through
• Expected flow pressure
• Ease of maintenance
• Exposure to external loads
• Valve and fitting sizes
• Cost
Lead
Copper
Stainless steel
Mild steel
Cast Iron (CI)
Vitrified clay
Concrete
Asbestos cement (AC)
galvanized iron (GI)
Plastic pipes (PVC,uPVC, HDPE,PPR)
Pipe- a hollow cylinder material, used for the
conveyance of water, gas, steam
5. Water pipe and waste pipe
Water pipes
• used to supply clean, potable
water to various fixtures and
appliances in a building
• typically made of materials such as
copper , or PVC,HDPE,PPR, which
are designed to withstand the
pressure and flow of water
• installed in a way that ensures
proper water flow and pressure
throughout the building.
• usually color-coded blue to
distinguish them from other types
of pipes
• Design at full flow level
• Flow is usually pressurised system
waste pipe
• used to carry wastewater and
sewage away from fixtures and
appliances to the sewer or
septic system
• typically made of materials such
as uPVC, which is designed to
withstand the corrosive nature of
wastewater.
• installed with slope and venting
• usually color-coded black or
white
• Designed at partial full level
• Flow is usually under gravity
6. Fixtures
• Plumbing fixtures means
receptacles, devices, or
appliances which are supplied
with water or which receive liquid-
borne wastes for discharge into
the drainage system.
• A fixture is a device for receiving
water and waste matter that then
directs the substances into a
sanitary drainage system
• Toilets
• Kitchen Sinks
• Washbasins
• Showers
• Bathtubs
• Faucets/ Tap ware
• Bidets
• Urinals
• Flush cistern
• Laundry Tubs
• Water Heaters
8. Traps
• a trap is a U-shaped portion of
pipe designed to trap liquid to
prevent unwanted flow; most
notably sewer gases from
entering buildings while allowing
waste materials to pass through.
• Traps are required because they
prevent sewer gases from
entering a building and causing
bad Odour
P-trap
S-trap
Bottle trap
11. Type Definition
Potable water • water free from impurities ,suitable for drinking
Cold water supply • it’s the water supply system that supplied plumbing fixtures with potable
water for the purpose of sanitary from cold water source. cold water:
water having a temperature is below 85°f (29°c)
• provide water for the Drinking ,Cooking ,Sanitary, Washing Gardening
Hot Water Supply • It’s the water supply system that supplied plumbing fixtures with a potable
HOT WATER for the purpose of sanitary from a hot water source. HOT
WATER: Water at a temperature greater than or equal to 110°F (43°C)
• provide water for Bathing, Space heating ,Washing
Non-Potable Water
Supply System
• it’s a water supply system that supplied non-potable water for the purpose of
flushing or irrigation.
• Water not safe for drinking
Irrigation Water
Supply
• It’s the water supply system that provide and distribute a predetermined
amount of water in order to economically produce and/or maintain
ornamentally shrubs, cultivated lawns, and other large turf areas
Flushing Water Supply • It’s the water supply system that supplied fixtures need to be flushed like (water
closet, urinals) with a non-potable water for the purpose of flushing
12. Type Definition
Drainage System • DRAINAGE SYSTEM: Piping within a public or private premise that conveys sewage,
rainwater or other liquid waste to a point of disposal. A drainage system does not
include the mains of a public sewer system or a private or public sewage treatment or
disposal plant
Sanitary Drainage
System
• A drainage system that carries SEWAGE and excludes STORM, surface and ground
water
• SEWAGE: Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or
solution, including liquids containing chemicals in solution.
• Sewage is the general term referring to the combined discharge from all plumbing
fixtures and primarily includes human bodily wastes and the wastes associated with
cleaning, washing, bathing and food preparation.
Soil Drainage System • A drainage system that conveys sewage containing fecal matter to the building drain
or building sewer.
• SOIL PIPE: drain pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or urinals or any
other fixture that receives human waste.
Waste Drainage
System
• A drainage system that conveys GRAY WATER to be treated and reused in the
FLUSHING WATER SUPPLY and IRRIGATION
• GRAY WATER: Waste discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes
washers and laundry trays
Combined Sanitary
System
• A drainage system that conveys {GRAY WATER and SEWAGE} from sanitary
fixtures in buildings to public or private sewage
Storm Water Drainage • A drainage system that conveys STORM WATER to the point of disposal. STORM
WATER :Natural precipitation, including snowmelt, that has contacted a surface at or
below grade
13. Types of pipes in
building
I. Soil- carries black water
II. Waste- carries grey water
III. Vent- collect foul gases
14. • A soil stack is a vertical
drain pipe that carries soil
waste from sanitary units
(i.e. toilets.
• A waste stack is any other
vertical drain pipe that
doesn’t carry soil from a
sanitary fixture.
15. Vents
• To prevent the siphonage of a
trap seal in fixture traps and allow
gravity flow of drainage, you must
let atmospheric air from outside
the building into the piping
system to the outlet (or
discharge) end of the trap
• The air is supplied through pipes
called vents
16. Pipe
vs
Stack
???
Vent stack Vs Stack vent?
• A vent stack is a vertical pipe
that is only used for venting, and
runs upward from the drain piping
to the open air outside the home
• A stack vent is used for both
drainage and venting. The bottom
portion is a soil pipe (for
drainage) and the top part is a
vent
17. Types of Plumbing System
• Plumbing is a system that flows fluids for a long-range of
applications
• Plumbing utilizes pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks,
and other tools and materials to flow fluids.
• There are four types of plumbing systems are follows;
I. Single stack system
II. One pipe system
III. One pipe system partially ventilated
IV. Two pipe system
18. Single Stack System
• there is a single vertical soil pipe
that is fixed and all the waste
matter comes fro the kitchen bath
and water closet is discharged
into it
• There is a single pipe in this
system that also acts as a vent
pipe
• It is economical but the
effectiveness of the
system depends upon
the water seal
19. One Pipe System
• there is a different vent pipe in
addition to the waste collection
pipe
• more useful as compared to the
single stack system
• The different vent pipe delivers
ventilation to the water seals of all
the traps
• In this system there is one soil
pipe is supplied from which all the
waste matter from the bath, sink,
water closets, etc are discharged
in the pipe
20. One Pipe System
Partially Ventilated • This system is via media
between the first and second
one
• There is only one soil pipe into
which all W.Cs, baths, sinks,
and washbasins discharge
• In addition, there is a relief vent
pipe that ventilates only the
traps of W.Cs and urinals
21. Two Pipe System • there are two sets of pipes
I. one pipe is a soil pipe that is
connected to the soil fixtures
such as urinals and water closets
II. The second pipe is
waste pipe which is used
to collect the wastewater from
the bath and kitchen.
• In the two-pipe system, the soil
Pipe and waste pipe both are
provided with separate vent pipes.
• There is a total of 4 pipes that are
required in the two-pipe system.
• The two-pipe plumbing system is
more expensive as compared to
other types of plumbing
22. Difference between one and two pipe systems
One pipe systems
• In this system, one main
vertical pipe is provided. All the
waste matter from bathrooms,
kitchens, water closets etc. is
discharged into it. In addition to
this, a separate vent pipe is
provided
• In small houses and building
one pipe system is preferred
• It requires less number of
pipes and is hence cheap. It
also requires small spaces
• This system is less efficient
Two pipe systems
• In this system, two sets of
vertical pipes are laid. Both the
pipes are ventilated separately
by providing separate vent
pipes or anti-siphonage pipes
• This system is highly favoured
particularly for large and multi-
storied buildings
• It requires a large number of
pipes and is hence costly. It
also requires large spaces
• This is the best system for the
efficient conveyance of house
wastes
23. Precautions for system of plumbing
All the joints off waste pipes should be air-tight
Each waste pipe should be connected to common stack
directly
Vent pipe diameter should not be less than 50 mm
The waste pipe should join the stack, above the soil
branch at each floor
All traps should be provided with a deep water seal of
not less than 7.5cm
The fall or waste pipe should be continuous and gradual. The
slope of the waste pipe should be between 1 in 12 to 1 in 48
