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Analyze Workflows & Job Design
1.
Chapter 4 The Analysis
and Design of Work ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.
©McGraw-Hill Education Learning Objectives LO4-1
Analyze an organization’s structure and work-flow process, identifying the output, activities, and inputs in the production of a product or service. LO4-2 Understand the importance of job analysis in strategic human resource management. LO4-3 Choose the right job analysis technique for a variety of human resource activities. LO4-4 Identify the tasks performed and the skills required in a given job. LO4-5 Understand the different approaches to job design. LO4-6 Comprehend the trade-offs among the various approaches to designing jobs.
3.
©McGraw-Hill Education Introduction No “one
best way” to design jobs and structure organizations. Organizations need to create a fit between environment, competitive strategy, philosophy and jobs and organizational design. Failing to design effective organizations and jobs has important implications for competitiveness.
4.
©McGraw-Hill Education Work-Flow Analysis
and Organization Structure 1 of 6 Work-Flow Design • Important in understanding how to bundle tasks into discrete jobs Organization Structure Need to understand how jobs at different levels relate LO 4-1
5.
©McGraw-Hill Education Work-Flow Analysis
and Organization Structure 2 of 6 Work-Flow Analysis • Provides a means for managers to understand all tasks required to produce a high-quality product and the skills necessary to perform those tasks • Analyzing work outputs • Can be a product or service
6.
©McGraw-Hill Education Figure 4.1
Developing a Work–Unit Activity Analysis Jump to long description in appendix
7.
©McGraw-Hill Education Work-Flow Analysis
and Organization Structure 3 of 6 Work-Flow Analysis continued Analyzing work processes • How is the output generated (operating procedures)? • Team-based job design • Lean production Analyzing work inputs • Raw materials, equipment, and human skills • Just-in-time inventory • Equipment
8.
©McGraw-Hill Education Work-Flow Analysis
and Organization Structure 4 of 6 Organization Structure • Dimensions of structure • Centralization • Departmentalization
9.
©McGraw-Hill Education Work-Flow Analysis
and Organization Structure 5 of 6 Organization Structure continued Structural configurations • Functional structure • High levels of centralization • Very efficient with little redundancy • Divisional structure • Low levels of centralization • More flexible and innovative • Not efficient
10.
©McGraw-Hill Education Figure 4.2
The Functional Structure Jump to long description in appendix SOURCE: Adapted from J. A. Wagner and J. R. Hollenbeck, Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, 1998).
11.
©McGraw-Hill Education Figure 4.3
Divisional Structure: Product Structure
12.
©McGraw-Hill Education Figure 4.4
Divisional Structure: Geographic Structure
13.
©McGraw-Hill Education Figure 4.5
Divisional Structure: Client Structure
14.
©McGraw-Hill Education Work-Flow Analysis
and Organization Structure 6 of 6 Organization Structure continued Structure and the nature of jobs • Jobs in functional structures need to be narrow and highly specialized. • Managers of divisional structures often need to be more experienced or high in cognitive ability relative to managers of functional structures
15.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Analysis
1 of 6 The Importance of Job Analysis • Work redesign • Human resource planning • Selection • Training and development • Performance appraisal • Career planning • Job evaluation LO 4-2
16.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Analysis
2 of 6 The Importance of Job Analysis to Line Managers • Must have detailed information about all the jobs in their work group to understand the work- flow process • Need to understand the job requirements to make intelligent hiring decisions • Are responsible for ensuring that each individual is performing satisfactorily • Must ensure that the work is being done safely
17.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Analysis
3 of 6 Job Analysis Information Nature of information • Job descriptions • Tasks, duties and responsibilities (TDRs) • Job specifications • Knowledge, skill, ability, and other characteristics (KSAOs) • Not directly observable
18.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Analysis
4 of 6 Job Analysis Information continued Sources of Job Analysis Information • Subject-matter experts • Job incumbent • Supervisors • Social networks
19.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Analysis
5 of 6 Job Analysis Methods Job analysis is the process of getting detailed information about a job. Two recognized methods • Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) • The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) LO 4-3
20.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Analysis
6 of 6 Dynamic Elements of Job Analysis Jobs change and evolve over time • The job analysis process must also detect changes in the nature of jobs Dejobbing • Viewing organizations as a field of work needing to be done rather than a set of discrete jobs held by specific individuals LO 4-4
21.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Design
1 of 5 Mechanistic Approach • Identify the simplest way to structure work that maximizes efficiency • Scientific management • Workers are trained in the “one best way” to do a job, then selected on their ability to do the job • Monetary incentives LO 4-5
22.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Design
2 of 5 Motivational Approach Focuses on psychological and motivational potential of a job Attitudinal variables are important Job Characteristics Model • skill variety • task identity • autonomy • feedback • task significance
23.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Design
3 of 5 Biological Approach • Also called ergonomics • Examines the interface between individuals’ physiological characteristics and the physical work environment • Applied to redesigning equipment for jobs that are physically demanding • Provides a climate that values safety and health
24.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Design
4 of 5 Perceptual-Motor Approach • Design jobs that don’t exceed people’s mental capabilities and limitations • Based on the least capable worker
25.
©McGraw-Hill Education Job Design
5 of 5 Technology • Absence presence results when interacting with multiple media • Technology can increase opportunities for errors • SBAR method
26.
©McGraw-Hill Education Appendix of
Image Long Descriptions
27.
©McGraw-Hill Education Appendix 1
Figure 4.1 Developing a Work- Unit Activity Analysis Raw inputs – What materials, data, and information are needed? Equipment – What special equipment, facilities, and systems are needed? Human Resources – What knowledge, skills, and abilities are needed by those performing the tasks? Activity – What tasks are required in the production of the output? Output – What product, information, or service is provided? How is the output measured? Return to original slide
28.
©McGraw-Hill Education Appendix 2
Figure 4.2 The Functional Structure The president is at the top, followed by the vice presidents for each functional area (marketing, engineering, etc.). Reporting to the vice presidents are subunits, such as sales and quality assurance. Reporting to the manufacturing subunits are the plants, with layers of supervisors and assembly workers. Return to original slide
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