INSECTS AS BIO INDICATORS BENEFITS OF INSECTS

1. INSECTS IAS IBIOINDICATORS
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I(ASSIGNMENT#I2,ISEMESTERIFALLI2019)
SubmissionIDateI(DecI16,I2019)
BY
IQRAIASHRAF
16241514-047
ZOO-411(IntroductionItoIentomology)
BSI7thI I(A)
SubmittedITo
ISIRIMUBAASHIR
DepartmentIofIZoology
UNIVERSITYIOFIGUJRAT

2. Contents
INSECTSIASIBIOINDICATORS........................................................................................................2
Pollution .................................................................................................................................2
BioIindicators..........................................................................................................................2
Bioindication...........................................................................................................................2
IndicatorItaxa..........................................................................................................................2
EnvironmentalIindicators ....................................................................................................3
EcologicalIindicators............................................................................................................3
BiodiversityIindicators.........................................................................................................3
ScaleIofIbiomonitoring ............................................................................................................3
NeedIofIbioindication..............................................................................................................4
BiologicalImonitoringIusingIinsectsIhasImanyIadvantages........................................................4
FactorsIgoverningIaquaticIinsectIdistribution ..........................................................................5
TypicalIresponsesItoIaquaticIinsectIcommunitiesIfollowingIdisturbance ..................................5
TerrestrialIinsectIbioindication................................................................................................5
EcologicalIindicators................................................................................................................6
BiodiversityIindicators.............................................................................................................6
BiodiversityIindicatorsIcontinues.........................................................................................6
EcosystemImonitoringIwithIbioindicatorsIspecies....................................................................7
BioindicatorIinsectsIinIagriculturalIandIforestIareas.................................................................8
InsectsIasIbioindicatorsIofIenvironmentalIpollution.................................................................9
OtherIbioindicatorIinsectsIgroup.............................................................................................9
References............................................................................................................................11

3. INSECTSIASIBIOINDICATORS
PollutionI
is Ithe Iintroduction Iof Icontaminants Iinto Ithe Inatural Ienvironment Ithat Icause Iadverse
Ichange.PollutionIcanItakeItheIformIofIchemicalIsubstances IorIenergy,IsuchIasInoise,IheatIorIlight.
IPollutants, Ithe Icomponents Iof Ipollution, Ican Ibe Ieither Iforeign Isubstances/energies Ior Inaturally
Ioccurring Icontaminants. IPollution Iis Ioften Iclassed Ias Ipoint Isource Ior Inonpoint Isource Ipollution.
IIn I2015, Ipollution Ikilled I9 Imillion Ipeople Iin Ithe Iworld.Major Iforms Iof Ipollution Iinclude: IAir
Ipollution, Ilight Ipollution, Ilittering, Inoise Ipollution, Iplastic Ipollution, Isoil Icontamination,
IradioactiveIcontamination,IthermalIpollution,IvisualIpollution,IwaterIpollution.
BioIindicators
A Ibioindicator Iis Iany Ispecies I Ior Igroup Iof Ispecies Iwhose Ifunction, Ipopulation, Ior Istatus Ican
Ireveal Ithe Iqualitative Istatus Iof Ithe Ienvironment. IFor Iexample, Icopepods Iand Iother Ismall Iwater
Icrustaceans Ithat Iare Ipresent Iin Imany Iwater Ibodies Ican Ibe Imonitored Ifor Ichanges I Ithat Imay
IindicateIa Iproblem Iwithin Itheir Iecosystem. IBioindicators Ican ItellIus Iabout ItheIcumulativeIeffects
Iof Idifferent Ipollutants Iin Ithe Iecosystem Iand Iabout Ihow Ilong Ia Iproblem Imay Ihave Ibeen Ipresent,
Iwhich Iphysical Iand Ichemical Itesting Icannot.A Ibiological Imonitor Ior Ibiomonitor Iis Ian Iorganism
Ithat Iprovides Iquantitative Iinformation Ion Ithe Iquality Iof Ithe Ienvironment Iaround Iit. ITherefore, Ia
IgoodIbiomonitor IwillIindicateItheIpresenceIof ItheIpollutantIandIcanIalsoIbeIusedIinIanIattempt Ito
IprovideIadditionalIinformationIaboutItheIamountIandIintensityIofItheIexposure.
Bioindication
BioindicationIorIbiomonitoringIcanIbeIconsideredIaItypeIofIappliedIecology.ItsIprimaryIgoalIis Ito
IuseIorganisms IlivingIwithinInaturalIcommunities ItoImonitorItheimpactIofI IdisturbanceIandItoIuse
Ithis Iknowledge Iin Ithe Imanagement Iof Ithe Iecologicalsystem. IBioindication Ican Ialso Ibe Iused Iin
IurbanIsettings IandIin IagriculturalIcommunities.IBiomonitoringIhasIbeen IaroundIsinceI1908Iwhen
Itwo Iworkers Iin IGermany Ipublished Ia Ipaper Ion Iusing Imacroinvertebrates Ito Iassess Iwater Iquality
IandIdegreesIofIpollutionIinIriversIsubjectItoIsewageIcontamination.
IndicatorItaxa
An Iindicator Itaxon Iis IoneIthat Iis Iof InarrowIamplitude Iwith Irespect ItoIoneIor ImoreIenvironmental
Ifactors.When Ithe Ispecies Iis Ipresent, Iit Iindicates Ithe Ipresence Iof Icertain Ienvironmental
Iparameters.I

4. EnvironmentalIindicators
a. IA Itaxon Ithat Iresponds Ipredictably, Iin Iways Ithat Iare Ireadily Iobserved Iand Iquantified, Ito
Ienvironmental Idisturbance Ior Ito Ia IchangeIin Ithe Ienvironmental IstateIis Ia Igood IcandidateIspecies
IforIuseIbiomonitoring.
b. IOrganisms IareIused Ias Iearly-warning Idevices Ior Ito Idelimit ItheIeffects IofIa IdisturbanceI(likeIan
Ieffluent).
c. IOrganisms Ican IbeIusedIas Iaccumulators Iof Ichemicals Ithat IareIused ItoIbioassayItheIpresenceIor
IconcentrationIofIpollutants.
d.IOrganismsIareIusedItoIrankIpollutantsIinIorderIofItoxicity.
EcologicalIindicators
a. IRather Ithan Imerely Ifunctioning Ias Igauges Iof Ienvironmental Ichange, Itaxa Iare Iused Ito
IdemonstrateItheIeffectsIofIhabitatIalterationIorIfragmentationIorIclimateIchange,Ietc.
b.IIndicatorItaxaIactIasIsurrogatesIforItheIlargerIcommunity.
c. IThe Iresponse Imay Ibe Ia Idecline Iin Ipopulation Isize, Ia Ichange Iin Ispatial Idistribution, Ior Iany
InumberIofIlifeIhistoryIchanges.
d. IThis IresponseIis Irepresentative Iof Ithe IresponseIof Iat Ileast Ia Isubset Iof Iother Itaxa Ipresent Iin Ithe
Ihabitat.
BiodiversityIindicators
a. IA Ibiodiversity Iindicator Iis Ia Igroup Iof Itaxa I(e.g. Igenus, Itribe, Ifamily, Ior Iorder) Ior Ifunctional
Igroup,IwhoseIdiversityIreflectsIsomeImeasureIofItheIdiversityIofIotherItaxaIinIaIhabitat.
b. IThese Imeasures Iof Idiversity Icould Iinclude Icharacter Irichness, Ispecies Irichness, Ilevel Iof
Iendemism,IgeneticIdiversity,ItoInameIonlyIaIfew.
c.ITheIdiversityImeasureIofItheIindicatorItaxaIcanIbeIusedItoIestimateItheIdiversityIofIotherItaxa.
ScaleIofIbiomonitoringI
a.IBiochemicalIandIphysiologicalIlevels
a.IIndividualIlevel
b.IPopulationIandIspeciesIassemblageIlevel

5. c.ICommunityIlevel
d.IEcosystemIlevel
NeedIofIbioindication
Alternatives
a.IDirectImeasurementsIcanIbeImadeIofIphysio-chemicalIfactorsIofIanIenvironment.
i. IIn Iterrestrial Isystems, Iit Iis Icommon Ito Iknow Ithe Itype Iand Idegree Iof Ienvironmental
Ichange,IforIexample,IhabitatIfragmentation,IspeciesIintroduction,Ietc.
• IHowever, Iit Ican Ibe Idifficult Ito Imonitor Ievery Ipotentially Iimportant Iaspect Iof Ia
Isystem.
•ITheIproblemIalsoIarises IasItoIwhetherIwe, Ias IaIscientificIcommunity,IareIaware
IofIallItheIimportantIthingsItoImonitor.
ii. IIn Iaquatic Isystems, Ithe Iproblem Iis Imuch Imore Icomplex Ithan Ithat Iseen Iin Iterrestrial
Isystems.I
•IknowledgeIofIwhichIofItheIhundredsIsubstances ItoImonitor,
•IunderstandingItheIsynergisticIeffectsIwhenItwoIorImoreIpollutantsIinteract,
• Iand Icontinuous Imonitoring Ito Idetect Ipollutants Iwhose Irelease Imay Ibe
Iintermittent,IsuchIasInocturnalIreleaseIofIindustrialIwasteIproducts.
b.IInIgeneral,IweIneedItoIknowIwhatItoImeasureIbeforeIweIcanImeasureIit.
c.IOftenItheseItypes IofImonitoringIprogramsIareIexpensiveIandIextremelyIlabor-intensive.
d.ISynergisticIeffectsIwillIgoIunmeasured.
e. IOur Iknowledge IbaseIis Iinsufficient; Iwe Idon't Iknow Ienough Iabout Ithe Inatural Iworld Ito Ibe Iable
ItoIreliablyIpredictItheIimpactIofImanyIdisturbances.
BiologicalImonitoringIusingIinsectsIhasImanyIadvantages
a. IMany Itaxa Idiffer Iwith Iregard Ito Itheir Isensitivity Ito Ienvironmental Ichange Iand Ihabitat
IrequirementsIsoIweIcanIchooseItheItaxonIaccordingItoItheIneededIresolution.

6. b. IWe Ican Ifocus Ion Ifunctional Igroups Isuch Ias Iprimary Iconsumers Ior Itop Ipredators Ito Imonitor
IecosystemIfunction.
c. IThere Iis Ia Igeneral Ilack Iof Iethical Iconstraints Iin Isampling Iinsects. INo Ione Ireally Icares Iif Ithey
IareIkilledIinItheImonitoringIprocess.
d. IInsect Ipopulations Itend Ito Ibe Ivery Ilarge, Iso Ithat Ikilling Ia Ifew Ihundred Iindividuals Iwill Inot
InegativelyIimpactItheIpopulation.
e. IInsects Ican Ibe Ithe I"canaries" Ifor Ienvironmental Idamage Ithat Ican Iharm Ihumans, Isuch Ias Iwater
IqualityIorItheIbuildIupIofItoxicIchemicals.
f.IOurIprimary Igoal IforIenvironmentalImonitoringIis Ito IascertainItheIeffectsIofItheIdisturbanceIon
Ilife.IUsingIlivingIcreaturesIsatisfies IthisIgoalIinIaIdirectImanner.
FactorsIgoverningIaquaticIinsectIdistribution
a.IOxygenIavailability
b.ITemperature
c.ISedimentIandIsubstrateItype
d.IPresenceIofIpollutantsIsuchIasIpesticides,IacidicImaterialsIandIheavyImetals
TypicalIresponsesItoIaquaticIinsectIcommunitiesIfollowingIdisturbance
As IparticulateImaterial Iincluding Isediment Iincreases, Icertain Ispecies Iof Imayflies I(Caenidae) Iwith
Iprotected Iabdominal Igills, Iand Icaddisflies Ilike Ithe Ifilter-feeding IHydropsychidae Iincrease Iin
Irelative Iabundance. IWhen Idissolved Ioxygen Iis Ireduced, Ihaemoglobin-possessing Ibloodworms
I(Chironomidae)IincreaseIinInumber.IStoneflyInymphsIdeclineIasItemperatureIincreases.IPesticide
Irunoff Ileads Ito Isubstantial Ireduction Iin Ispecies Idiversity. IIf Inutrient Ilevels Iincrease Idue Ito
Ifertilizer Irun Ioff Ior Ilivestock Iyard Iwastes Ientering Ithe Iwater, Ia Ifew Ispecies Iwill Iincrease
IdramaticallyIwithIconcomitantIgeneralIdeclineIinIspeciesIdiversity.
TerrestrialIinsectIbioindication
a.ITraditionallyIsoilIinvertebratesIwereIusedItoIindicateIsoilIfertilityIandIpollutantIlevels.
b.IRecently,IbioindicationIisIusedIinIterrestrialIsystems IforIaIvarietyIofIsituations.
I I I Ii.IDirectImeasurementImayIbeIcostIprohibitive.

7. Iii. IEnvironmental Ichanges Imay Ibe IsubtleIand Ia Iresult Iof Icomplex Iinteractions Ibetween Iabiotic
IandI IcomponentsIthatIcannotIbeImeasuredIdirectly.
iii. ISometimes, Ithe Ibiotic Icommunity Icontinues Ito Ichange Ilong Iafter Iphysical Ior Ichemical
ItracesIofItheIimpactIareInoIlongerImeasurable.
iv.IBiomonitoringIforIquantifying ItheIeffects Iof IenvironmentalIpollutants IonIcancer Irisk Iis Inow
IpreferredIinImanyIcases.
EcologicalIindicators
a.IThisIaspectIofIbioindicationIisIstillIinIitsIinfancy.
b.IMostIstudiesIstillIfocusIrareIandIendangeredIspecies.
c.IIdeally,IweIalsoIdemonstrateIthatIrareIandIendangeredIspecies IareIrepresentatives IofIotherItaxa.
d.IFewIstudiesIhaveIprogressedItoIthisIlevel.
i.IKremen I(1992)ItestedItheIusefulness IofIusingIbutterflyIspecies Idiversity IasIanIindicator
IforIecologicalIparametersIinIMadagascar.
ii. IButterflies Itypically Iare Isensitive Ito Imicroclimate Iand Ilight Ilevel Ichanges Iand Ithey
IinteractIwithIspecificIhostIplantsIasIlarvaeIandIadults.
iii. IHe Ifound Ithat Ibutterflies Iwere Iexcellent Iindicators Iof Iheterogeneity Idue Ito
Itopographic Ior Imoisturegradients, Imoderate Iindicators Ifor Ipredicting Ifloral Irichness,
IlimitedIindicatorsIofIheterogeneityIdueItohumanIdisturbance,IandIpoorIindicatorsIofIplant
Idiversity.
BiodiversityIindicators
Using Iindicators Ito Iestimate Ibiodiversity Iis Ifaster Iand Iless Iexpensive Ithan Iconducting
IcomprehensiveIbiodiversityIsurveys.
BiodiversityIindicatorsIcontinues
a. IWhile Ionly Ia Ifew Itaxa Ihave Ibeen Iidentified Ito Idate Ithat Imay Ibe Iefficient Ibiodiversity
Iindicators,ItheIscienceIisIrapidlyIexpanding.
i. ITiger Ibeetles Imay Ibe Iparticularly Igood Ifor Iindicating Iregional Ipatterns Iof Ibiodiversity
Ibecause Iof Itheir Istable Itaxonomy, Iwell-understood Ibiology Iand Ilife Ihistory, Iease Iof

8. Isampling, Iworld-wide Idistribution, Ipresence Iin Ia Iwide Irange Iof Ihabitat Itypes Iand
IspecializationIofIindividualIspeciesIwithinIhabitats.
ii.IForIsimilarIreasons,IscarabaeidIbeetlesIareIalsoIcandidateItaxa.
b. IBrown I(1991) Iidentified I12 I"desirable Iqualities" Ifor Iindicator Itaxa Iand Ievaluated Ia Ivariety Iof
IinsectIgroupsIinIthisIlight.
i. IHigh Iscorers Iincluded ICollembola, IFormicidae, IIthomiinae Ibutterflies, IIsoptera, Iand
IColeoptera.I(seeIlastItableIattachedItoIoutline)
c. ICurrent Ithoughts Irevolve Iaround Iidentifying Iseveral Iindicator Itaxa Ias Iwork Iby IPrendergast
I(1997) Iand ILawton I(1998) Ihas Iquestioned Ithe Iefficiency Iof Iusing Isingle Itaxon Igroups Ias
ImeasuresIofItotalIbiodiversity.
i.ITheseIareIcalledI"predictorIsets"IorI"shoppingIbaskets"IofItaxa.
ii.ITheIpredictorIsetsIwouldIideallyIencompassIdifferentIecologicalIfunctionalIgroups.IWe
Imight Ichoose Ibutterflies, Itermites, Iants Iand Idung Ibeetles Ito Iestimate Idiversity Iin Ia
ItropicalIforest.
•IButterfliesIareIphytophagous.
•ITermites IandIants IareInumericallyItheImostIdominant ImacroinvertebrateItaxaIin
ItheIsoilIandIcanopy,Irespectively.
•ITermitesIandIdungIbeetlesIareIdecomposers.
iii. IThe Idrawbacks Ito Iusing Ipredictor Isets, Iof Icourse, Icome Idown Ito Imoney Iand Itime,
IneitherIofIwhichIconservationIeffortsIhave.
d. ITheIbiggest Iproblem Iis Ithat IinIareas IofIhighest Irisk, IweIknowItheIleast Iabout Itheir Iinvertebrate
Ifauna.
EcosystemImonitoringIwithIbioindicatorsIspeciesI
Whether Ifragmented Ienvironments Ican Ipreserve Ithe Idiversity Iand Iabundance Iof Iinsect Ispecies
Isuch Ias Ithe Ihigh Idegree Iof Iendemism Iobserved Iin Iwild Iareas. IIn Iaddition Ito Iwhat Iwould Ibe Ithe
Ifragmented Ienvironments Iconsequences Ion Igeneralist Ispecies Ipopulations, Iwhich Iare Ian
Iimportant Ilink Iin Ithe Ifood Ichain Iand Idevelopment Iof Iplant Ispecies Ifor Ipollination. IMany
Iarthropods IareIused Ifor Ibioindication IbecausetheImost Ifrequently Icollected Itaxa IareIpolyphagous

9. Ipredators Iand Iare Iconsidered Iimportant Ifor Ithe Ibiological Icontrol, I Icollections Iare Imade Ieasily
Iwith Ipitfall Itraps, Iand Icatches Iare Iusually Ilarge Ienough Ito Iallow Istatistical Ianalysis. IThe I
Ienvironmental Iindicators IareIquantitativeIand IqualitativeIparameters IableIto Ishow Ichanges IinIthe
Ienvironment, Iwhere Iphysical,biological, Ichemical Ior Ihuman Iphenomena Iare Inot Istudied Ialone,
Ibut Itogether Iin Ithe Icomplex Idynamics Iof Ithe Ienvironment. IEntomofauna Istudies Ito Ifurnish
Iinformation Iabout Iecosystems Iconservation Istatus Itheir Iproductivity Iand Ilevels Iof Iwater
IcontaminationIandIpollution.ITherefore,Ibioindicator Ispecies IidentificationIisIessential,IdueItoIthe
Iimportant Irole Ithat Ithese Iorganisms Ihave Ias Itransformers Iand Iregulators Iof Iecosystems. IConcern
Iwith Ienvironmental Iissues Ihas Iraised Ithe Idemand Ifor Ibioindicators Iable Ito Ireflect Itheir
Ienvironment.IAmongItheseIorganisms,ItheIinsectsImayIcontributeItoIaIpracticalIassessmentIofIthe
Isustainability Idegree I. IThe I Iindicator Iinsects Ibecome Iparticularly Iuseful Ibecause Ithey Irepresent
Imore Ithan Ihalf Iof Iall Ispecies Iand Itheir Idiversity Iallow Iassessing Ithe Idifference Ibetween Ihabitats
Ion Iacceptable Irefined Iscale. IInsect Igroups Iused Ias Ienvironmental Ibioindicators Ishould Ihave Ithe
IcharacteristicsI.
BioindicatorIinsectsIinIagriculturalIandIforestIareas
Cultivated Iareas Ior Ireforested Iareas Iwith Isome Idiversity Iof Iplant Ispecies Ihave Ishown Ihigh Iinsect
Ispecies Idiversity Iand Igreater Iecological Istability, Iwhere ItheIcompetition Ifor Iresources Iis Iintense,
Ipreventing Ithe Iprevalence Iof Ifew Idominant Ispecies I. IExplanations Ifor Iloss Iof Ispecies Iin
IagriculturalIenvironments Iare:Ichanges Iin ImicroclimaticIconditions,Iforaging IactivityIand Inesting
Ilocations, Ireduced Ifood Iavailability Ifrom Ithe Iuse Iof Iagrochemicals Iand Iinteractions Iwith Iother
Ispecies I. IMonoculture Iis Ipredominant Iin Iagricultural Iareas. IIn Ithese Iareas Ithere Iare Imany
Ipopulations Iof Idefoliator Iand Isucking Iinsects, Icharacteristics Iof Iunbalanced Ienvironment I. IThe
Iuse Iof Ifertilizers Iand Ichemicals Iis Iresponsible Ifor Ithe Idecline Iof Ibiodiversity Iin Isimplified
Iagricultural Isystems Isince Iit Ieliminates Ia Ilarge Inumber Iof Iinsects Iacting Ias Ibiological Icontrol
Iagents. IHymenoptera Icommunities IareIcommon IinIagriculturalIareas. ITheyIact Ias Icrops Iand Iwild
Iplant Ipollinators. IFurthermore, Imany Ispecies Ithat Ilive Iin Isociety Iare Ipredators Ior Iparasitoids,
Iacting Ias Iof Ibiological Icontrol Iagents I. IWe Ishould Iconsider Ithe Iadoption Iof Ienvironmentally
Icorrect Ipractices Iin Iareas Iunder Iagricultural Imanagement. IThe Iaeration Idepth Icontrol Icould
Iprevent Ilayers Idestruction, Iwhere Ithe Iactivity Iof Idecomposer Iorganisms I(Collembola,
IColeoptera) Iis Iintense. IThe Irational Iuse Iof Iproducts Ito Isoil Icorrection, Ifertilization Iand Icrop
Iresidues Iincorporation Ican Iimprove Ithe Iorganic Isoil Ipart Iand Iprovide Ioptimal Iconditions Ifor
Idecomposer Iinsects Iand Initrogen Ifixing Ibacteria, Iincreasing Iinsect Ibiodiversityconfirm Ithe
IimportanceIof IculturalIdiversityIforItheIpreservationIofItheIdiverseIinsect Igroups Icharacteristic Iof
Inot Imuch Ichanged Iareas. IIn ItheIforest, Ithe IimbalanceIbegins Iwith InativeIvegetation Ireplacement,

10. Iwhich Inormally Ihas Ihigh Iinsect Idiversity, Ifor Ihomogeneous Iplantation Iareas, Iwhere Iecological
IbalanceIisIfragileIandIinsectIdiversityIisIreduced.ITherefore,ItheInumberIofIharmfulIinsectIspecies
Iis Iquite Ihigh Iand Ifrequently Ioccurring Ipopulation Ibooms, Iespecially Iof Idefoliator Ilepidopteran I.
IThe Ireforestation Iis Iusually Ilocated Iin Inutrient-poor Isoils, Iand Iat Icertain Itimes Iof Iyear Ithe Itrees
IareIexposed Ito Iwater Istress, Ibecoming Ihighly IsusceptibleItoIattack IbyIinsects. IDuring Ithis Iperiod
Ithere Imay Ibe Ipopulation Ibooms Iof Iaggressive Iand Idominant Iinsects. IRemaining Istrains Iof Itrees
Iselective Ilogging Ican Iserve Ias Ia Ihost Imaterial, Iproviding Ifavorable Iconditions Ifor Ioccurrence Iof
Idominant IScolytidaeIspecies I(ambrosia-beetle)IpopulationIbooms.IMoreover,IthereIisItheIfireIthat
Idestroys Iimportant Isoil Ilayers, Icausing Idamages Iand Iweakening Ithe Itrees, Ibecoming Ithem
IsusceptibleItoIattackIbyIinsects.
InsectsIasIbioindicatorsIofIenvironmentalIpollutionI
Many Iinsects Ican Ibe Iused Ias Ienvironmental Ipollution Ibioindicators I. IAnts Ihave Ibeen Iused Ito
Imeasure Ipollutant Iconcentrations Iin Iborealis Iforests Iand IAustralia, Iand Iare Icurrently Iused Ito
Imonitor Idisturbed Iecosystems. IBees Iare Iconsidered Ione Iof Ithe Imost Iversatile Iand Iefficient
Ibioindicators. IThey Iare Iused Ito Imonitor Itrace Imetals Iin Iurban Ienvironments, Iradioactivity Iafter
ItheIChernobylIdisaster, Ipesticides IandIherbicides Ieffects, IindustrialIwastes Iand Ipollutants I. IMany
Istudies Ihave Idemonstrated Ideformities Iin Ilarvae Ifrom Iseveral Igenera Ifrom Ithe IFamily
IChironomidae I(eg IProcladius, IChironomus Iand ICryptochironomus) Iand Ithe Iresults Iindicate Ithat
Ithe Iabnormalities Iare Istrongly Iassociated Iwith Ipolluted Isediments I. IGerridae Iare Iindicated Ito
Idetection Iof Idifferent Iiron Iand Imanganese Iconcentrations, Ibut Iseem Iless Isuitable Ifor Inickel Iand
Ilead Iaccumulated I. IWasps Ifrom Ithe IPolistes Iand Iother Isocial Iwasps Iare Iat Ithe Itop Iof Ithe Ifood
Ichain Iand, Itherefore, Iare Iexposed Ito Idangerous Ibiological Iconcentration. IAs Iits Imass Ilarval Ifecal
Ican IaccumulateIlead Iup Ito I36 Itimes Ithe Iadult Ibody, Ithese Iwasps Iseem Ito Ibe Ia Ipromising Ispecies
IforIpollutionIbyIleadIbiomonitoringI.
OtherIbioindicatorIinsectsIgroup
Termites Iare Iimportant Idecomposers Iin Iland Iecosystems. IIts Iactivity Iincreases Isoil Iinfiltration
Icapacity, Ileading Ito Iwater Iretention Iand Isoil Iproductivity. IIn Iforests, Ithey Iplay Ia Irole Iin Iplant
Iorigin Imaterial Iand Iorganic Isoil Idecomposition Iand Iincorporation. IIn Iagricultural, Ipasture Iand
Ireforestation Iareas Ithey Iare Inot Ialways Iperceived Ibecause Iits Inests Iare Iunderground, Iand Itheir
IpresenceIis Ionly Inoticed IbyItheIdamageIthey IcauseItoItheIplants. IAphids IareIpollutionIindicators,
Ibecause Ithey Ishow Ian Iincrease Iin Itheir Ipopulation Idensity Iwhen Ifeeding Ion Ihosts Iexposed Ito
IenvironmentsIwithIhigh ICO2Iconcentrations.IHowever,Istudies IshowedInoIsignificantIcorrelation
IbetweenICO2IincreaseIandIHomopteraIpopulationIdensityI.

11. TheIuse Iof Ibioindicators Iis Iessential Ifor Ienvironmental Imonitoring. IThe Imain Icharacteristics Iof Ia
Ibioindicator Iare: Irichness Iand Idiversity Ispecies, Ieasy Ihandling, Iecological Ifaithfulness, Ifragility
Ito Ismall Ienvironmental Ichanges Iand Igood Iorganism Iresponses. IClass IInsecta Ihas Iall Iof Ithem.
IHowever, Isome Ispecies Irespond Ibetter Ithan Iothers Ito Ithese Ichanges Iand Iaccording Ito Ithe
Ienvironment. IIn Ithe Iaquatic Ienvironment, IOdonata Ispecies Iare Imore Isensitive Ito Ienvironmental
IchangesIinItheIwater.IColeoptera,IHeteroptera,IPlecopteraIandIEphemeroptera IhaveIhighIadaptive
Icapacity.IIn ItheIland,IColeopteraIOrderIhas Imany IbioindicatorIspecies,Ifor IexampleIScarabaeidae
IFamily I(beetles) Iin Iforest Iand Iagricultural Icultures. ISome ILepidoptera Iand IDiptera Igroups Iare
Iused Ias Iheavy Imetal Ipollution Iindicators. IAgricultural Iand Iforestry Isystems Ihave Ishown Ihigh
Iinsect Idiversity Iand Ibetter Iecological Istability Iin Irelation Ito Imonoculture. IThe Iuse Iof Ifertilizers
Iand Ichemicals Ireduces Ibiodiversity Iin Isimplified Iagricultural Iareas. IIn Ithe Iforest, Ithe Iimbalance
Ibegins IwithIreplacement IofInativeIvegetation, Iin Iareas Iof Ihomogeneous Iplantations. ITherefore, Iit
Iincreases Ithe Inumber Iof Iharmful Iinsects, Iespecially Idefoliator Ilepidopteran. IIn Ienvironmental
Ipollution, Ibees Iare Iused Ito Imonitor Itrace Imetals Iin Iurban Ienvironments, Iradioactivity, Iand
Ipesticide Iand Iherbicide Ieffects. IGerridae Idetect Idifferent Iiron Iand Imanganese Iconcentrations.
ITherefore,IthisIstudyIconcludedIthatItheIClassIInsectaIhasImanyIpotentialIrepresentativesIthatIcan
Ibe Iused Ias Ienvironmental Ibioindicators, Iamong Iwhich Iare Isome Ispecies Ifrom Ithe IColeoptera,
IDiptera,ILepidoptera,IHymenoptera,IHemiptera,IIsopteraIOrdersIandIothers.

12. ReferencesI
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