The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various aspects of anchorage in orthodontics. It begins by defining anchorage as the resistance to unwanted tooth movement. It then covers classifications of anchorage, including classifications by Moyers based on the site, jaws involved, and number of anchorage units. The document also discusses mechanical and biological factors affecting anchorage, including force magnitude, surface area, root morphology, and neighboring structures. Examples of anchorage in removable and fixed appliances are provided, along with a discussion of conventional Begg technique and its use of differential forces.
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of orthodontic archwires. It describes the mechanical properties such as stress, strain, stiffness, strength and load deflection rate. It discusses different types of archwire materials including gold, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, beta titanium, and cobalt chromium alloys. It also covers characteristics such as formability, resilience, biocompatibility and friction for orthodontic archwires. The document provides details on various generations of nickel-titanium alloys and their properties like shape memory effect and super elasticity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
This document discusses the role of genetics in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to genetics and molecular biology concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It then discusses several important figures in the history of genetics research. The document outlines several dentofacial disturbances that have a genetic influence, like cleft lip and palate. It also discusses Butler's field theory and methods used to study the role of genes, such as twin studies and polymerase chain reaction. The conclusion reflects on how genetics research has enhanced understanding of the dentofacial complex and hopes that future innovations can help answer remaining questions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various aspects of anchorage in orthodontics. It begins by defining anchorage as the resistance to unwanted tooth movement. It then covers classifications of anchorage, including classifications by Moyers based on the site, jaws involved, and number of anchorage units. The document also discusses mechanical and biological factors affecting anchorage, including force magnitude, surface area, root morphology, and neighboring structures. Examples of anchorage in removable and fixed appliances are provided, along with a discussion of conventional Begg technique and its use of differential forces.
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of orthodontic archwires. It describes the mechanical properties such as stress, strain, stiffness, strength and load deflection rate. It discusses different types of archwire materials including gold, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, beta titanium, and cobalt chromium alloys. It also covers characteristics such as formability, resilience, biocompatibility and friction for orthodontic archwires. The document provides details on various generations of nickel-titanium alloys and their properties like shape memory effect and super elasticity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
This document discusses the role of genetics in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to genetics and molecular biology concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It then discusses several important figures in the history of genetics research. The document outlines several dentofacial disturbances that have a genetic influence, like cleft lip and palate. It also discusses Butler's field theory and methods used to study the role of genes, such as twin studies and polymerase chain reaction. The conclusion reflects on how genetics research has enhanced understanding of the dentofacial complex and hopes that future innovations can help answer remaining questions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on performing a functional examination as part of an orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses examining the postural rest position and maximum intercuspation, as well as the temporomandibular joint, orofacial dysfunction, and various functional movements. Methods for determining and registering the postural rest position are described. Examination of swallowing, tongue posture, speech, lips, respiration, and craniofacial skeletal relationships are also covered to evaluate orofacial dysfunction. The document emphasizes that a functional examination is important for a complete orthodontic diagnosis beyond just a static evaluation of dental relationships.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic archwire materials. It discusses the history of archwire materials including precious metals, stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys, and nickel titanium alloys. The basic elastic properties of archwires like stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, and stiffness are explained. Clinical implications of archwire selection including size, shape and fabrication are covered. Recent advancements in braided, twisted, triangular, and non-metallic wires are also summarized.
This document presents an overview of the activator appliance. It defines the activator, discusses its history and evolution. It outlines the indications and contraindications for activator use. The advantages and disadvantages are described. The components, mode of action, and modifications of different types of activators are explained. Case reports and references are also listed at the end. The document provides a comprehensive review of the activator appliance.
This document provides a history of the evolution of bonding in orthodontics from the 1960s to present day. It discusses key developments such as the introduction of acid etching by Buonocore in the 1950s, the early use of epoxy and composite resins for bonding by Newman and Miura in the 1960s-1970s, the introduction of visible light curing systems in the 1980s, and the development of self-etching primers in the 2000s. Bonding has evolved from using fillings materials to specialized orthodontic bonding resins and primers, and techniques now allow bonding to both dry and wet enamel surfaces.
Effects of drugs on orthodontic treatmentumairshoukat5
Dr. Umair Shoukat Ali presented on orthodontic tooth movement and factors that affect it. Orthodontic tooth movement is a biological response to forces applied to the teeth. Continuous light forces produce the most desirable tooth movement with minimal harm. Heavier forces can result in necrosis and delayed movement. Tooth movement is regulated by chemicals like prostaglandins and leukotrienes that influence bone remodeling. Many drugs can also impact orthodontic treatment by altering these chemical pathways and affecting the rate of bone turnover. NSAIDs decrease tooth movement while corticosteroids increase it. Systemic factors like hormones and vitamins also influence the speed of orthodontic tooth movement. Close coordination with physicians is important when patients are
This document discusses various concepts related to orthodontic tooth movement including:
- Types of tooth movement such as tipping, translation, and torque which are determined by the ratio of moments of force and couples applied.
- Force systems used in orthodontics such as one-couple systems which allow for predictable tooth movement. Segmented springs and anterior intrusion/extrusion arches are examples.
- Applications of anterior intrusion and extrusion arches including intruding/extruding specific teeth, correcting midlines, and preventing excessive tipping during space closure. Factors like wire placement and anchorage can be modified to achieve the desired tooth movement.
This document provides an overview of headgear appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It discusses the evolution of headgear from early designs in the 1800s to modern versions. Headgears are classified based on their use, attachment method, and direction of pull. The key components of facebow headgear are described, including the outer bow, inner bow, junction, and force elements like elastics that connect it to the head cap or cervical strap anchorage. Adjustments to the inner bow are outlined to position the appliance properly during treatment.
This document summarizes research on jaw rotation during growth, maturation, and aging. It discusses how internal and external jaw rotation influence tooth eruption pathways and malocclusion development. Internal rotation moves the jaw forward and upward, while external rotation compensates by moving it backward and downward. A short face type has more anterior rotation leading to a deep bite, while a high face type has excessive backward rotation causing an open bite. Maturation and aging bring changes to soft tissues, teeth, alignment and occlusion. Growth continues in adults, with males showing net forward rotation and females backward rotation.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
This document discusses Class II division 2 malocclusion, including its definition, classification, clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Class II division 2 is a type of Class II malocclusion characterized by retroclined maxillary incisors. It can be caused by skeletal factors like mandibular deficiency or maxillary excess, or dental factors like premature tooth loss. Diagnosis involves a problem-oriented approach through data collection and establishing a problem list. Treatment may involve orthodontics alone for mild cases, but more severe cases may require orthodontics combined with orthopedics/growth modification or orthognathic surgery.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
Orthodontic study models are three-dimensional plaster reproductions of a patient's teeth and surrounding tissues that are used to accurately diagnose and monitor orthodontic treatment. The document outlines the requirements, uses, and proper procedures for fabricating and trimming study models. Key steps include accurately reproducing the dental anatomy, trimming bases and backs at specific angles, and using wax bites and articulators to achieve proper occlusion. Study models provide a permanent record for treatment planning, evaluation, and legal documentation of a patient's orthodontic condition and progress.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the properties and evolution of orthodontic wire materials. It begins by introducing the key components of orthodontic appliances and defining what constitutes an orthodontic wire. The document then covers the following topics in subsequent sections:
- The history of orthodontic wire development from the 18th century to present day, including early materials used and milestones in new material introductions.
- General properties of orthodontic wire materials like crystal structure, work hardening, annealing, polymorphism, and mechanical properties such as stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, and strength.
- An overview of common orthodontic wire materials including stainless steel, nickel-titanium, beta titanium, and
The document discusses the history and properties of different types of archwire materials used in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early gold alloy wires to more recent materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel-titanium wires. For each material, it covers aspects like composition, heat treatment process, mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, flexibility and factors important for clinical use. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on archwire materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Various functional appliances & its components /certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Functional appliances and orthopaedic appliances are used for growth modification in cases with jaw discrepancies. Functional appliances include removable appliances like activators and bionators as well as fixed appliances like the Herbst and Jasper jumper. They work by altering muscle function to guide jaw growth. Orthopaedic appliances include headgear for distalizing maxillary molars, face masks for protracting the maxilla in class III cases, and chin cups for restricting mandibular growth. Each appliance has specific indications, contraindications, advantages and modes of action depending on the desired treatment effect.
The document provides a history and overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME). It discusses:
- The early history of RME dating back to the 1800s and its reintroduction by Haas in the 1960s.
- Classification of RME based on factors like rate of expansion, direction, and type of appliance.
- Indications for RME including dental issues like posterior crossbites and medical issues like poor nasal breathing.
- Contraindications such as single tooth crossbites or severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies.
- Examples of RME appliances including the Hyrax expander and bonded expanders, discussing their advantages.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in orthodontics. It begins by defining key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It then discusses various sterilization methods like dry heat, moist heat, filtration, and radiation. Guidelines are provided for sterilizing common orthodontic instruments like pliers, brackets, bands, archwires, and TADs using methods like ultrasonic cleaning, dry heat sterilization, and autoclaving. The document also discusses hepatitis B prevention and concludes that with proper safety protocols, hepatitis B patients are not contraindicated for orthodontic treatment.
This document summarizes a study that compared four methods for sterilizing orthodontic pliers: wrapped cassettes in an M11 ultraclave sterilizer, V-shaped pouches in an M11 ultraclave, wrapped cassettes in a Statim 5000 sterilizer, and V-shaped pouches in a Statim 5000. The study found that the most efficient method was using V-shaped pouches in the larger M11 ultraclave sterilizer, while the least efficient was using wrapped cassettes in the smaller Statim 5000 sterilizer. Following CDC guidelines and using pouches designed for hinged instruments like pliers allows for better sterilization than cassettes. While all methods
This document provides information on performing a functional examination as part of an orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses examining the postural rest position and maximum intercuspation, as well as the temporomandibular joint, orofacial dysfunction, and various functional movements. Methods for determining and registering the postural rest position are described. Examination of swallowing, tongue posture, speech, lips, respiration, and craniofacial skeletal relationships are also covered to evaluate orofacial dysfunction. The document emphasizes that a functional examination is important for a complete orthodontic diagnosis beyond just a static evaluation of dental relationships.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic archwire materials. It discusses the history of archwire materials including precious metals, stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys, and nickel titanium alloys. The basic elastic properties of archwires like stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, and stiffness are explained. Clinical implications of archwire selection including size, shape and fabrication are covered. Recent advancements in braided, twisted, triangular, and non-metallic wires are also summarized.
This document presents an overview of the activator appliance. It defines the activator, discusses its history and evolution. It outlines the indications and contraindications for activator use. The advantages and disadvantages are described. The components, mode of action, and modifications of different types of activators are explained. Case reports and references are also listed at the end. The document provides a comprehensive review of the activator appliance.
This document provides a history of the evolution of bonding in orthodontics from the 1960s to present day. It discusses key developments such as the introduction of acid etching by Buonocore in the 1950s, the early use of epoxy and composite resins for bonding by Newman and Miura in the 1960s-1970s, the introduction of visible light curing systems in the 1980s, and the development of self-etching primers in the 2000s. Bonding has evolved from using fillings materials to specialized orthodontic bonding resins and primers, and techniques now allow bonding to both dry and wet enamel surfaces.
Effects of drugs on orthodontic treatmentumairshoukat5
Dr. Umair Shoukat Ali presented on orthodontic tooth movement and factors that affect it. Orthodontic tooth movement is a biological response to forces applied to the teeth. Continuous light forces produce the most desirable tooth movement with minimal harm. Heavier forces can result in necrosis and delayed movement. Tooth movement is regulated by chemicals like prostaglandins and leukotrienes that influence bone remodeling. Many drugs can also impact orthodontic treatment by altering these chemical pathways and affecting the rate of bone turnover. NSAIDs decrease tooth movement while corticosteroids increase it. Systemic factors like hormones and vitamins also influence the speed of orthodontic tooth movement. Close coordination with physicians is important when patients are
This document discusses various concepts related to orthodontic tooth movement including:
- Types of tooth movement such as tipping, translation, and torque which are determined by the ratio of moments of force and couples applied.
- Force systems used in orthodontics such as one-couple systems which allow for predictable tooth movement. Segmented springs and anterior intrusion/extrusion arches are examples.
- Applications of anterior intrusion and extrusion arches including intruding/extruding specific teeth, correcting midlines, and preventing excessive tipping during space closure. Factors like wire placement and anchorage can be modified to achieve the desired tooth movement.
This document provides an overview of headgear appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It discusses the evolution of headgear from early designs in the 1800s to modern versions. Headgears are classified based on their use, attachment method, and direction of pull. The key components of facebow headgear are described, including the outer bow, inner bow, junction, and force elements like elastics that connect it to the head cap or cervical strap anchorage. Adjustments to the inner bow are outlined to position the appliance properly during treatment.
This document summarizes research on jaw rotation during growth, maturation, and aging. It discusses how internal and external jaw rotation influence tooth eruption pathways and malocclusion development. Internal rotation moves the jaw forward and upward, while external rotation compensates by moving it backward and downward. A short face type has more anterior rotation leading to a deep bite, while a high face type has excessive backward rotation causing an open bite. Maturation and aging bring changes to soft tissues, teeth, alignment and occlusion. Growth continues in adults, with males showing net forward rotation and females backward rotation.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
This document discusses Class II division 2 malocclusion, including its definition, classification, clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Class II division 2 is a type of Class II malocclusion characterized by retroclined maxillary incisors. It can be caused by skeletal factors like mandibular deficiency or maxillary excess, or dental factors like premature tooth loss. Diagnosis involves a problem-oriented approach through data collection and establishing a problem list. Treatment may involve orthodontics alone for mild cases, but more severe cases may require orthodontics combined with orthopedics/growth modification or orthognathic surgery.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
Orthodontic study models are three-dimensional plaster reproductions of a patient's teeth and surrounding tissues that are used to accurately diagnose and monitor orthodontic treatment. The document outlines the requirements, uses, and proper procedures for fabricating and trimming study models. Key steps include accurately reproducing the dental anatomy, trimming bases and backs at specific angles, and using wax bites and articulators to achieve proper occlusion. Study models provide a permanent record for treatment planning, evaluation, and legal documentation of a patient's orthodontic condition and progress.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the properties and evolution of orthodontic wire materials. It begins by introducing the key components of orthodontic appliances and defining what constitutes an orthodontic wire. The document then covers the following topics in subsequent sections:
- The history of orthodontic wire development from the 18th century to present day, including early materials used and milestones in new material introductions.
- General properties of orthodontic wire materials like crystal structure, work hardening, annealing, polymorphism, and mechanical properties such as stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, and strength.
- An overview of common orthodontic wire materials including stainless steel, nickel-titanium, beta titanium, and
The document discusses the history and properties of different types of archwire materials used in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early gold alloy wires to more recent materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel-titanium wires. For each material, it covers aspects like composition, heat treatment process, mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, flexibility and factors important for clinical use. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on archwire materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Various functional appliances & its components /certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Functional appliances and orthopaedic appliances are used for growth modification in cases with jaw discrepancies. Functional appliances include removable appliances like activators and bionators as well as fixed appliances like the Herbst and Jasper jumper. They work by altering muscle function to guide jaw growth. Orthopaedic appliances include headgear for distalizing maxillary molars, face masks for protracting the maxilla in class III cases, and chin cups for restricting mandibular growth. Each appliance has specific indications, contraindications, advantages and modes of action depending on the desired treatment effect.
The document provides a history and overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME). It discusses:
- The early history of RME dating back to the 1800s and its reintroduction by Haas in the 1960s.
- Classification of RME based on factors like rate of expansion, direction, and type of appliance.
- Indications for RME including dental issues like posterior crossbites and medical issues like poor nasal breathing.
- Contraindications such as single tooth crossbites or severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies.
- Examples of RME appliances including the Hyrax expander and bonded expanders, discussing their advantages.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in orthodontics. It begins by defining key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It then discusses various sterilization methods like dry heat, moist heat, filtration, and radiation. Guidelines are provided for sterilizing common orthodontic instruments like pliers, brackets, bands, archwires, and TADs using methods like ultrasonic cleaning, dry heat sterilization, and autoclaving. The document also discusses hepatitis B prevention and concludes that with proper safety protocols, hepatitis B patients are not contraindicated for orthodontic treatment.
This document summarizes a study that compared four methods for sterilizing orthodontic pliers: wrapped cassettes in an M11 ultraclave sterilizer, V-shaped pouches in an M11 ultraclave, wrapped cassettes in a Statim 5000 sterilizer, and V-shaped pouches in a Statim 5000. The study found that the most efficient method was using V-shaped pouches in the larger M11 ultraclave sterilizer, while the least efficient was using wrapped cassettes in the smaller Statim 5000 sterilizer. Following CDC guidelines and using pouches designed for hinged instruments like pliers allows for better sterilization than cassettes. While all methods
This document discusses sterilization methods for infection control in medical offices. It states that instrument sterilization is an important part of infection control. The main sterilization methods discussed are steam under pressure, dry heat, chemical vapor, and ethylene oxide gas. It provides details on cleaning, packaging, and monitoring instruments to ensure effective sterilization. Biological indicators that test for microbial kill are emphasized as the ultimate criteria for verifying sterilization.
Sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for orthodontic instruments and materials. It defines sterilization as eliminating all microorganisms, while disinfection destroys pathogens. Common pathogens like hepatitis B and HIV that orthodontists are at risk for transmitting are described. Proper sterilization and disinfection of instruments, surfaces, and hands are critical to prevent cross-contamination. Common sterilization methods for orthodontic offices include steam autoclaving, dry heat, and chemical vapor sterilization, with each having advantages and limitations. Proper cleaning and drying of instruments is also emphasized prior to sterilization.
The document discusses various sterilization methods used in pharmaceutical manufacturing including physical methods like heat and radiation sterilization as well as chemical methods like gaseous sterilization. It provides details on the mechanisms of different sterilization techniques and compares their merits and demerits. The key applications of each method in pharmaceutical industry are also highlighted. The document also covers in-process quality controls that are important to monitor sterilization and ensure consistency in quality during production of pharmaceutical products.
Sterilization in orthodontics1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
This document discusses sterilization practices in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction on the history of infectious disease and prevention. Key terms like asepsis, infection, and sterilization are defined. The document then discusses the history of understanding disease transmission and important figures like Fracastorius and Leeuwenhoek. It describes the categorization of instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical and outlines sterilization and disinfection practices. Personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and protective eyewear are discussed. The document concludes with recommendations for surface disinfection and limiting contaminated aerosols and splatter.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IN A DENTAL CLINIC pptVineetha K
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental instruments, units, and laboratories. It describes the classification of dental instruments based on risk of transmission and sterilization requirements. Proper sterilization methods like steam autoclaving and dry heat are outlined along with disinfection of dental units, environmental surfaces, and handling of items in the dental laboratory.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Sterilization completely kills all living organisms, while disinfection reduces microbial growth but may not kill all organisms. The document discusses various sterilization and disinfection methods used in dentistry, including physical methods like boiling, dry heat, steam autoclaving, and radiation. It also covers chemical methods using substances like eugenol, alcohol, chlorhexidine, and sodium hypochlorite. Combination methods like chemical vapor pressure sterilization are also presented. Maintaining proper concentration, temperature, and pH is important for effective sterilization and disinfection.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indirect bonding /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Sterilization completely kills all living organisms, while disinfection reduces microorganisms but may not kill all. There are physical methods like boiling, dry heat, steam sterilization and radiation. Chemical methods use disinfectants like alcohol and eugenol. Combination methods like chemiclaving use chemical vapor under pressure similar to steam sterilization. Proper sterilization and disinfection is important in dentistry to prevent cross-infection of diseases between patients with instruments.
The document discusses theories of mandibular growth and the construction bite technique used in orthodontic appliances. It describes several theories of condylar growth including the genetic control theory, functional matrix hypothesis, and lateral pterygoid hyperactivity hypothesis. It also discusses the growth relativity hypothesis. The construction bite is critical for functional appliances to work properly and involves analyzing study models, function, and cephalometrics to determine the proper vertical and horizontal positioning of the mandible. The magnitude of correction depends on factors like the type of malocclusion and developmental state.
Construction bite /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods used in dentistry. Sterilization aims to kill all microorganisms, while disinfection only reduces their numbers. Physical sterilization methods include boiling, dry heat, and autoclaving. Chemical sterilization uses agents like alcohol and chlorhexidine. The most effective sterilization method is autoclaving, using heat and pressure. Proper sterilization and infection control are important to prevent cross-contamination between patients.
The document discusses various methods of sterilization used in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, and provides a brief history of the development of sterilization concepts. It then describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, filtration, radiation and chemical methods. The major physical methods discussed are dry heat using hot air oven or flaming, moist heat using steam under pressure in an autoclave, and filtration. It provides details on the mechanisms and procedures for each method.
Sterilization of endodontic instruments /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The document discusses dental insurance in India. It provides an overview of different types of dental insurance plans available in India, including standalone dental insurance and dental coverage as part of general health insurance. It then focuses on Dentashakti, a unique dental insurance scheme launched by Janashakthi Insurance PLC and Dentavista Healthcare. Dentashakti offers affordable packages for routine treatments, orthodontics, implants and other dental work. The document outlines Dentashakti's monthly scheme and family dental schemes.
Antibiotic prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by administering antibiotics before and during surgery to eliminate bacteria and create an unfavorable environment for infection. The risk of surgical site infection depends on factors like the type of surgery (clean vs. contaminated), insertion of implants, duration of surgery, and patient comorbidities. Common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci for skin wounds, and oral anaerobes for head/neck surgery. Guidelines recommend evaluating risks and benefits of prophylaxis as well as considering antibiotic susceptibility of likely contaminants when determining appropriate prophylactic regimens.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses infection, infection prevention and control in a hospital setting. It covers topics such as the definition of infection, types of isolation precautions, sterilization methods, the roles of an infection control committee and team, and the importance of developing an infection control program and manual in a hospital. The key aspects are establishing standard precautions and transmission-based precautions to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
Standard precautions are control guidelines designed to protect healthcare workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and other bodily fluids. They involve assuming that all human blood and bodily fluids are potentially infectious. Key elements of standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe disposal of sharps, and cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated with blood or bodily fluids. Standard precautions aim to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood or bodily fluids and should be applied universally to all patients.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all living microorganisms and disinfection as destroying or removing pathogenic organisms. The objective of sterilization is to prevent contamination, infection, and decay by removing microorganisms from materials or areas. Important historical figures who contributed to understanding microbes and disease include Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister. Proper sterilization is important in dentistry to prevent transmission of diseases like herpes, syphilis, and candidiasis. An ideal disinfectant must be fast-acting, non-toxic, and inexpensive. Methods of microbial control include physical agents like heat and radiation, as well as chemical agents.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses infection control in orthodontics. It outlines various pathogens that can be transmitted in a dental setting, including hepatitis B, HIV, herpes, and candida. Proper sterilization of instruments, use of personal protective equipment, vaccination of dental workers, and universal precautions are important to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases and infections. Cross-contamination can occur through contact with saliva, blood, or other infectious body fluids, so infection control protocols are necessary to protect patients and dental professionals.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections. It covers the goals of infection control training, which are to educate healthcare workers on pathogen transmission and apply accepted infection control principles. A brief history of hygiene is provided, highlighting figures like Semmelweis and Lister who advanced the field. Hospital acquired infections are defined as infections acquired during or after hospitalization. They increase costs, length of stay, mortality and morbidity. Sources can be endogenous from a patient's normal flora or exogenous from other patients, staff, equipment or the environment. Standard precautions like hand hygiene and isolation precautions are key to prevention. Special measures include planning operating theaters and monitoring high-risk areas like nurseries
Infection control in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document provides an overview of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Standard. It discusses the purpose to limit occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials. The deadliest bloodborne pathogens are identified as HIV, HBV, and HCV. Details are given about each virus such as symptoms, transmission methods, and available vaccines. The standard requires employers to implement exposure control plans, universal precautions, record keeping, training, and compliance to prevent occupational transmission of bloodborne diseases.
This document discusses surgical site infections (SSIs), including their definition, incidence, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Some key points:
1. The CDC revised the definition of "wound infection" in 1992 to distinguish between surgical incision infections and traumatic wound infections.
2. SSIs are usually caused by the patient's skin flora or bacteria introduced during surgery. They occur within 30 days of an operation or 1 year if an implant is inserted.
3. Risk factors include age, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and surgical factors like wound class and duration. Prevention focuses on patient optimization, skin antisepsis, tight glucose control, and appropriate
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
[Gen. surg] asepis and antisepsis from SIMS LahoreMuhammad Ahmad
1. The document discusses concepts of medical and surgical asepsis including types of microorganisms that cause infection, types of infections, and factors that influence susceptibility.
2. It describes the differences between medical and surgical asepsis and outlines techniques used in each including cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilization methods.
3. The document provides details on proper surgical scrub technique which takes 5 minutes and includes washing with antimicrobial soap, scrubbing under the nails, and proper drying and gowning procedures to maintain sterility in the operating room.
This document discusses infection prevention and control. It defines infection and outlines the stages of illness. It discusses factors that influence susceptibility to infection like integrity of skin/mucous membranes, immune status, medical devices. It describes standard and transmission-based precautions to prevent infection transmission. It outlines the roles of infection control committee, team and officer in developing and implementing infection control programs in hospitals.
The document discusses surgical site infections (SSIs), including:
1. SSIs are defined as infections occurring within 30 days of surgery or 1 year if an implant is placed. Common types are superficial and deep incisional infections.
2. SSIs are among the most common and costly healthcare-associated infections, with incidence higher following some orthopedic procedures.
3. Risk factors for SSIs include patient characteristics like diabetes as well as surgical factors like prolonged operating time and implant use. Proper prevention techniques can help reduce SSI risk.
4. Diagnosis involves clinical presentation as well as microbiological and histological testing. Treatment depends on infection severity but often involves wound opening, debride
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
In every health profession the guiding principle isIn every health profession the guiding principle is
‘DO‘DO GOOD BUT DO NOT HARM’GOOD BUT DO NOT HARM’ is as applicable today as itis as applicable today as it
was in the time of HIPPOCRATES.was in the time of HIPPOCRATES.
The most effective way of prevention isThe most effective way of prevention is STERILIZATIONSTERILIZATION
Sterilization destroys all microorganisms but should beSterilization destroys all microorganisms but should be economialeconomial
and should be less time consuming .and should be less time consuming .
Negligence for an effective precaution leads to transmission ofNegligence for an effective precaution leads to transmission of
infectious diseases to the professional, by stander and theinfectious diseases to the professional, by stander and the
patients.patients.
•The above consideration lead us to necessity of betterThe above consideration lead us to necessity of better
infection control methods – Asepsis.. Disinfection.. Sterilizationinfection control methods – Asepsis.. Disinfection.. Sterilizationwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
3. DEFENITION OF TERMSDEFENITION OF TERMS
STERILIZATIONSTERILIZATION –– it is defined as a process by which anit is defined as a process by which an
article ,surface or medium is freed of all micro organisms eitherarticle ,surface or medium is freed of all micro organisms either
in the vegetative or spore statein the vegetative or spore state
- It is the process designed to kill all bacterial spores , therefore- It is the process designed to kill all bacterial spores , therefore
its intended use is to kill all microorganisms .its intended use is to kill all microorganisms .
(D.C.N.A 1991 )(D.C.N.A 1991 )
- The process of completely eliminating microbial viability- The process of completely eliminating microbial viability
((J.C.O 1993)((J.C.O 1993)
ARTICLES FREE OF LIVING ORGANISMS ARE SAID TO BE STERILEARTICLES FREE OF LIVING ORGANISMS ARE SAID TO BE STERILE
DISINFECTIONDISINFECTION –– Means the destruction of all pathogenicMeans the destruction of all pathogenic
organisms or organisms capable of giving rise to infectionsorganisms or organisms capable of giving rise to infections
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4. Its a lethal process intented to kill disease producingIts a lethal process intented to kill disease producing
micro organisms but not bacterial spores (D.C.N.A.micro organisms but not bacterial spores (D.C.N.A.
1991)1991)
ASEPSIS –ASEPSIS – The absence of infection , infectious
material or agents (MILLER)
INFECTION – Infection is the multiplication and
survival of microorganisms on or in the body . An
infection does not always indicate disease, but disease
seldom results with out infections (MILLER)
Cross infectionCross infection ––it’s the passage of micro organismsit’s the passage of micro organisms
from one person to another by direct or indirectfrom one person to another by direct or indirect
transmissiontransmission
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5. COMMON DISEASES TRANSMITTED INCOMMON DISEASES TRANSMITTED IN
ORTHODONTIC OFFICEORTHODONTIC OFFICE
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6. MODE OF TRANSMISSIONMODE OF TRANSMISSION
From patient to practitionerFrom patient to practitioner
From practitioner to patientFrom practitioner to patient
From one patient to another.(cross infection)From one patient to another.(cross infection)
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7. Route of transmissionRoute of transmission
1)1) INOCULATIONINOCULATION ::
Accidental self injuryAccidental self injury
with a contaminatedwith a contaminated
needle , sharpneedle , sharp
instruments.instruments.
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
transmitted includestransmitted includes
1.1. HBVHBV
2.2. HCVHCV
3.3. HDVHDV
4.4. HSV 1 N 2HSV 1 N 2
5.5. HIVHIV
6.6. NeisseriaNeisseria
7.7. GonorroheaGonorrohea
8.8. TreponemaTreponema
9.9. Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani
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8. 2) INHALATION2) INHALATION ::
Inhalation ofInhalation of
micro organismsmicro organisms
aerosolized fromaerosolized from
patients saliva or bloodpatients saliva or blood
occurs while using highoccurs while using high
speed or ultrasonicspeed or ultrasonic
equipment.equipment.
1.1. Varicella zosterVaricella zoster
2.2. CMVCMV
3.3. RubeolaRubeola
4.4. RubellaRubella
5.5. MycobacteriumMycobacterium
TuberculosisTuberculosis
6.6. Candida AlbicansCandida Albicans
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9. WHAT’S INFECTION CONTROL ?WHAT’S INFECTION CONTROL ?
THIS IS THE LIMITING OF SPREAD OFTHIS IS THE LIMITING OF SPREAD OF
INFECTIONS VIA DIFFERENTINFECTIONS VIA DIFFERENT
CHANNELS IN A SPECIFIC OR GENERALCHANNELS IN A SPECIFIC OR GENERAL
ENVIRONMENT.ENVIRONMENT.
Procedures can be grouped under 2Procedures can be grouped under 2
categories..categories..
1.1. Those which interfere with the spread ofThose which interfere with the spread of
infectious agents by reducing contamination .infectious agents by reducing contamination .
2.2. Those which remove or kill the disease agentsThose which remove or kill the disease agents
after contamination has occurred .after contamination has occurred .
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10. AREAS OF INFECTION CONTROLAREAS OF INFECTION CONTROL
Employees are divided into three categoriesEmployees are divided into three categories
according to their degree of exposure to infectiousaccording to their degree of exposure to infectious
materials.materials.
Category ICategory I includes employees such as dentists,includes employees such as dentists,
dental hygienists, chairside assistants, anddental hygienists, chairside assistants, and
laboratory technicians who are regularly exposed tolaboratory technicians who are regularly exposed to
blood, body fluids, or body tissues.blood, body fluids, or body tissues.
Category IICategory II includes business staff and cleaningincludes business staff and cleaning
people, whose regular tasks involve no exposure topeople, whose regular tasks involve no exposure to
bloody body fluids, or tissues, but whosebloody body fluids, or tissues, but whose
employment may require exposure, planned oremployment may require exposure, planned or
unplanned.unplanned.
Category IIICategory III includes any other employeeincludes any other employee
1.1. Orthodontist n staffOrthodontist n staff
JCO Volume 1990 Jul(417 - 426)JCO Volume 1990 Jul(417 - 426)
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11. 2)2) CONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATION VEHICLESVEHICLES ,,PAYNE AJO 1986PAYNE AJO 1986
Orthodontist must decide for himself which instrument toOrthodontist must decide for himself which instrument to
be sterilizedbe sterilized..
InstrumentsInstruments
can be grouped in to 3 categoriescan be grouped in to 3 categories....
1.1. Critical:Critical: Instruments that penetrate the mucosa n has toInstruments that penetrate the mucosa n has to
be sterilized. Eg.. Bands, Band removers, Ligaturebe sterilized. Eg.. Bands, Band removers, Ligature
directors, Band forming pliers etc…directors, Band forming pliers etc…
2.2. Semi critical:Semi critical: Instruments that touches the mucosa soInstruments that touches the mucosa so
needs to be sterilized. Eg.Mirror, Retractor etc..needs to be sterilized. Eg.Mirror, Retractor etc..
3.3. Least critical:Least critical: Eg. Ligature tier ,distal end cutter , TyingEg. Ligature tier ,distal end cutter , Tyingwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
12. 33.. OPERATOR SITEOPERATOR SITE
Dental chair , Light handles ,Spittoon , ThreeDental chair , Light handles ,Spittoon , Three
way syringes etc.. has to be frequently wipedway syringes etc.. has to be frequently wiped
with 70% isopropyl alcoholwith 70% isopropyl alcohol
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13. INFECTON CONTROL MEASURESINFECTON CONTROL MEASURES
1.1. PATIENT SCREENINGPATIENT SCREENING
2.2. IMMUNOLOGICAL PROTECTION.IMMUNOLOGICAL PROTECTION.
3.3. BARRIER PROTECTIONBARRIER PROTECTION
4. INSTRUMENT STERILIZATION
5. DISPENSING MATREIALS WITH
MINIMUM CONTAMINATION
6. DISPOSAL OF WASTE.
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14. 1.1. Patient screeningPatient screening ::
Every patient has to be consideredEvery patient has to be considered
potentially infectious. So a properpotentially infectious. So a proper case historycase history andand
an appropriatean appropriate evaluation of the questionnaireevaluation of the questionnaire helpshelps
the clinician to arrive in to a proper diagnosis ofthe clinician to arrive in to a proper diagnosis of
many oral and systemic diseasesmany oral and systemic diseases..
2.2. IMMUNOLOGICAL PROTECTION:IMMUNOLOGICAL PROTECTION:
The occupational risk of microbial infections can beThe occupational risk of microbial infections can be
minimized by stimulating artificial active immunity.minimized by stimulating artificial active immunity.
The orthodontists and staff should undergoThe orthodontists and staff should undergo
vaccinationvaccination
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15. 3.3. BARRIER CONTROL:BARRIER CONTROL:
This includes the physical barriersThis includes the physical barriers
used during the normal treatment procedures against theused during the normal treatment procedures against the
potential pathogens. This includes…potential pathogens. This includes…
1.1. GlovesGloves
2.2. Mouth maskMouth mask
3.3. Protective clothingProtective clothing
4.4. Protective eye wearProtective eye wear
5.5. Surface coveringsSurface coverings
6.6. Use of disposable materialsUse of disposable materials
7.7. Proper hand washingProper hand washing
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16. TYPES OF GLOVESTYPES OF GLOVES
1.1. Vinyl or latex - sterile, single use - surgicalVinyl or latex - sterile, single use - surgical
procedure.procedure.
2.2. Vinyl or latex - non sterile, single use - examinationVinyl or latex - non sterile, single use - examination
procedure.procedure.
3.3. Rubber / plastic material - non sterile, multiple use - overRubber / plastic material - non sterile, multiple use - over
gloving.gloving.
4.4. Polyethylene - non-sterile, multiple use -over gloving.Polyethylene - non-sterile, multiple use -over gloving.
5.5. Nylon glove – non sterile ,multiple use –using beneathNylon glove – non sterile ,multiple use –using beneath
gloves.gloves.
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17. PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING GLOVESPRECAUTIONS WHILE USING GLOVES
Wear gloves for all dental procedureWear gloves for all dental procedure ..
Discard gloves whenever they have beenDiscard gloves whenever they have been
contaminated.contaminated.
Do not leave the clinic or walk around wearingDo not leave the clinic or walk around wearing
gloves.gloves.
Wash hands after removing gloves.Wash hands after removing gloves.
The risk of glove puncture is high for orthodontistsThe risk of glove puncture is high for orthodontists
as they handle wires brackets and bands. So the useas they handle wires brackets and bands. So the use
of puncture resistant gloves is recommended whichof puncture resistant gloves is recommended which
are thicker at the palms (high stress area) and thinnerare thicker at the palms (high stress area) and thinner
at finger tips .at finger tips .
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18. REPROCESSING OF GLOVESREPROCESSING OF GLOVES
Rinse your gloved hands thoroughly in a hypochloriteRinse your gloved hands thoroughly in a hypochlorite
solution.solution.
Then wash in clear water to remove the disinfectant.Then wash in clear water to remove the disinfectant.
Wash with soap and water and rinse thoroughly.Wash with soap and water and rinse thoroughly.
Remove the gloves and hang them up by the cuffs to dry .Remove the gloves and hang them up by the cuffs to dry .
Dust glove powder on the inside of the gloves .
Autoclave the gloves
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19. 2.MOUTH MASKS2.MOUTH MASKS
Surgical masks / chin length plastic faceSurgical masks / chin length plastic face
shields must be worn to protect the face.shields must be worn to protect the face.
Should have at least 95% filtration efficiencyShould have at least 95% filtration efficiency
for particles 3-5 micrometer in diameter.for particles 3-5 micrometer in diameter.
Should be changed for each patient since itsShould be changed for each patient since its
efficiency decreases.Moreover it trapsefficiency decreases.Moreover it traps
moisture during dental procedures.moisture during dental procedures.
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20. Use of face mask n eye wearUse of face mask n eye wear
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21. 3. PROTECTIVE EYE WEAR3. PROTECTIVE EYE WEAR
The eyes of a dental professional are particularlyThe eyes of a dental professional are particularly
susceptible to physical & microbial injury bysusceptible to physical & microbial injury by
virtue of their limited vascularity and diminishedvirtue of their limited vascularity and diminished
immune capacities.immune capacities.
Eyes must be protected during operativeEyes must be protected during operative
procedures by spectacles.procedures by spectacles.
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22. 4.HAND WASHING4.HAND WASHING
First scrub hands with warm water.
Get soap under the nails and clean with
brush.
Rinse hands with cold water.
Wipe hands with paper towel or dry with
warm air.
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24. AGENTS FOR HAND WASHINGAGENTS FOR HAND WASHING
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25. 5. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING5. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
OSHA emphasizes the need of wearing aOSHA emphasizes the need of wearing a Long-
sleeved, jewel-neck clinic jackets in the laboratory
and operatory
These procedures will inevitably sow microThese procedures will inevitably sow micro
organisms in to the fabric of the apron.organisms in to the fabric of the apron. These jackets
should be replaced daily, or when visibly soiled, and
worn only in the office
The jackets must be laundered by a single source
to simplify tracing in case of an exposure incident.
JCO 1997 AUG
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26. 6. SURFACE COVERINGS6. SURFACE COVERINGS
Materials used should be impervious to
moisture (impervious- backed paper,
aluminium foil /plastic covers ).
On surfaces difficult to clean.
To be changed between patients.
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32. 7. SPRAY - WIPE SPRAY TECH.7. SPRAY - WIPE SPRAY TECH.
Spray the surface.
Wipe in systematic pattern contacting each
surface at least twice.
Spray again.
Allow solution to dry and then wipe in 10 minutes for
proper disinfection.
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34. The recently introduced Vitawipes are disposable
disinfectant cloths containing polyhydrochloride
(3.2 percent), alkyl dimethyl, benzyl ammonium
chloride (7.1 percent), and inert ingredients
(89.7 percent). A cloth is dampened with water
and used to wipe contaminated surfaces. The
cloth is disposed of after an indicator strip
changes color or after wiping a surface
contaminated with hepatitis B virus. The wipes
are easy to use and show minimal reaction with
skin.
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35. 8. HOW TO STERILIZE THE PENCIL8. HOW TO STERILIZE THE PENCIL
TIPSTIPS
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36. JCO Volume 1998 May(307 - 310JCO Volume 1998 May(307 - 310))
Conventional orthodontic marking pencils cannot beConventional orthodontic marking pencils cannot be
autoclaved. Currently gas sterilization is effective inautoclaved. Currently gas sterilization is effective in
killing bacteria, but is also costly and difficult, makingkilling bacteria, but is also costly and difficult, making
it impractical for orthodontic office.it impractical for orthodontic office.
The only sure way to avoid potential cross-The only sure way to avoid potential cross-
contamination is to use the inexpensive disposablecontamination is to use the inexpensive disposable
markers available from orthodontic supply companies.markers available from orthodontic supply companies.
At least break off the tip of the lead before using it inAt least break off the tip of the lead before using it in
next patientnext patient
Fernando Ascencio
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37. DISINFECTION OF INSTRUMENTSDISINFECTION OF INSTRUMENTS
Hand piece
3 way syringe tips
Aspirators
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38. HAND PIECESHAND PIECES
Most are autoclavable.
Depends on manufacturers guidelines.
Prior cleaning and lubrication is mandatory.
Hand piece is placed in autoclavable pouch
with TST strips (time , steam, temperature).
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39. •Hand piece stored in a plastic wrapHand piece stored in a plastic wrap
after disinfectionafter disinfection
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40. Three way syringe tips / high velocity evacuationThree way syringe tips / high velocity evacuation
tips / aspiratorstips / aspirators
3 –way syringe should be treated in the same manner as3 –way syringe should be treated in the same manner as
hand piece.hand piece.
HVE tips –metal tips are autoclavable. Plastic tips mustHVE tips –metal tips are autoclavable. Plastic tips must
be disposed off after single use.be disposed off after single use.
Aspirators –disinfectant flushes for the aspirators shouldAspirators –disinfectant flushes for the aspirators should
be done after each patient.be done after each patient.
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41. Disinfection of impressionDisinfection of impression
Disinfection ofDisinfection of ALGINATEALGINATE impressions :-impressions :-
iodophores / glutaraldehyde – 15 min.iodophores / glutaraldehyde – 15 min.
LYSOL spray – 10 min.LYSOL spray – 10 min.
Placed in re-closable sandwich bags
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42. BursBurs
- ethylene oxide 4-12 hours
- autoclave.
- glass bead sterilization
Carbon steel instrumentsCarbon steel instruments::
- chemical vapour---20 min at 270 °f
- ethylene oxide ----4-12hours
- dry heat oven---60-120 min at 320°f
Tungsten carbide instruments :
- chemical vapour---20 min at 270 °f
- dry heat oven---60-120 min at 320°f
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43. Method of sterilizationMethod of sterilization
Moist heat (autoclaving)Moist heat (autoclaving)
Dry heat (hot air oven)Dry heat (hot air oven)
Chemicals (chemiclaving)Chemicals (chemiclaving)
JCO Volume 1994 Nov
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44. Moist heat
Moist heat denatures &
coagulates the protein of
microbes
Better than dry heat
because of its higher
efficiency of
penetration.
Due to latent heat of
vaporization present in
moist heat.
Steam autoclave
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45. TYPES OF AUTOCLAVESTYPES OF AUTOCLAVES
1.1. POROUS LOAD AUTOCLAVESPOROUS LOAD AUTOCLAVES ::
Auto cycled high pressure vacuum models .Auto cycled high pressure vacuum models .
Air is evacuated from the metal chamber byAir is evacuated from the metal chamber by
vacuum suction.vacuum suction.
12112100
C , AT 20 lb pressure for 30 min.C , AT 20 lb pressure for 30 min.
Towels ,suture materials, cotton rolls, rubberTowels ,suture materials, cotton rolls, rubber
gloves ,root canal instruments.gloves ,root canal instruments.
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46. 2. SMALL BENCH AUOMATIC AUTOCLAVE
Work on the principle of downwardWork on the principle of downward
displacement of air as a consequence ofdisplacement of air as a consequence of
steam entering at the top of the chamber.steam entering at the top of the chamber.
Temp of 136Temp of 136oo
c ,at 32 lb pressure for 5 minc ,at 32 lb pressure for 5 min
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47. STERILIZATION CYCLESTERILIZATION CYCLE
Unwrapped instrumentsUnwrapped instruments
134134oo
cc
3 min3 min
30 psi30 psi
Wrapped instrumentsWrapped instruments
12112100
cc
15-20 min15-20 min
15 psi15 psi
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48. SATTIM CASSETE AUTOCLAVESATTIM CASSETE AUTOCLAVE
Designed for rapid sterilization .Designed for rapid sterilization .
Instruments sterilized in closed cassettes .Instruments sterilized in closed cassettes .
A 6 minute cycle for unwrapped instruments andA 6 minute cycle for unwrapped instruments and
12 min cycle for wrapped instruments .12 min cycle for wrapped instruments .
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49. DRY HEAT STERILIZATIONDRY HEAT STERILIZATION
Higher temperaturesHigher temperatures
,longer periods &longer,longer periods &longer
heating up time requiredheating up time required
for sterilization (45 min tofor sterilization (45 min to
reach 160reach 160oo
c).c).
Less effective than moistLess effective than moist
heat.heat.
Should have a time clock onShould have a time clock on
the door ,so items cannot bethe door ,so items cannot be
added or removed during theadded or removed during the
cycle & a fan to distributecycle & a fan to distribute
the heat evenlythe heat evenly
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50. GLASS BEAD STERILIZATIONGLASS BEAD STERILIZATION
Heating glass beads in a chamber intoHeating glass beads in a chamber into
which instrument is inserted for 10-30 sec.which instrument is inserted for 10-30 sec.
21021000
c –230c –230 00
c .c .
Suitable for very small instruments likeSuitable for very small instruments like
R.C.T instruments ,burs ,R.C.T instruments ,burs , PLIERSPLIERS etc.etc.
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51. CHEMICAL STERILIZATIONCHEMICAL STERILIZATION
Combination of formaldehyde , alcohol , acetone ,Combination of formaldehyde , alcohol , acetone ,
ketone & steam at 20 psi serves as an effectiveketone & steam at 20 psi serves as an effective
sterilizing agent.sterilizing agent.
Biocidal action of formaldehyde depends on itsBiocidal action of formaldehyde depends on its
alkylation of microbial nucleic acids, which controlalkylation of microbial nucleic acids, which control
protein synthesis.protein synthesis.
Takes longer time than an autoclave (30 min) forTakes longer time than an autoclave (30 min) forwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
52. COLD STERILIZATION
Process of disinfecting instruments / equipmentProcess of disinfecting instruments / equipment
by using a liquid chemical germicide is calledby using a liquid chemical germicide is called
Cold sterilization.Cold sterilization.
Used for heat sensitive instruments.Used for heat sensitive instruments.
Aseptic rinsing with sterile water and dryingAseptic rinsing with sterile water and drying
should follow this disinfection process.should follow this disinfection process.
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53. HOW TO MONITOR STERILIZATIONHOW TO MONITOR STERILIZATION
??
1.1. Physical monitoring.Physical monitoring.
2.2. Chemical monitoring.Chemical monitoring.
3.3. Biological monitoring.Biological monitoring.
3 Forms3 Forms
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54. PHYSICAL MONITORINGPHYSICAL MONITORING
Refers to periodical observation ofRefers to periodical observation of displaysdisplays
or gauges on the sterilizeror gauges on the sterilizer during a cycle toduring a cycle to
ensure the sterilization process.ensure the sterilization process.
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55. CHEMICAL MONITORINGCHEMICAL MONITORING
1.1. Process indicatorsProcess indicators :- consist of color changing:- consist of color changing
material (liquid /paper) which changes color uponmaterial (liquid /paper) which changes color upon
exposure to appropriate sterilization cycle.exposure to appropriate sterilization cycle.
22.. TST strips (TIME ,STEAM,TEMPERATURE)TST strips (TIME ,STEAM,TEMPERATURE) changechange
color when all parameters have been adequatelycolor when all parameters have been adequately
achieved in the sterilization cycle.achieved in the sterilization cycle.
Two types are availableTwo types are available
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56. BIOLOGICA MONITORINGBIOLOGICA MONITORING
Indicator used are heat resistant bacterialIndicator used are heat resistant bacterial
spores (spores (Bacillus stearothermophillus ,BacillusBacillus stearothermophillus ,Bacillus
subtilissubtilis ))
If the spores are killed ,then less resistantIf the spores are killed ,then less resistant
microbes are killed more readily and sterilitymicrobes are killed more readily and sterility
is achievedis achieved
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57. CORROSION ‘N’ HARDNESSCORROSION ‘N’ HARDNESS
Manufacture of orthodontic instruments at 1200 – 2000Manufacture of orthodontic instruments at 1200 – 2000
F and tempered at 800 F. So pliers never damagedF and tempered at 800 F. So pliers never damaged
below 800 F. carbide inserts in pliers can be damagedbelow 800 F. carbide inserts in pliers can be damaged
only above 1500 F .only above 1500 F .
But an increase in hardness noted after repeatedBut an increase in hardness noted after repeated
sterilization .More In case of autoclave than dry heat .sterilization .More In case of autoclave than dry heat .
.Corrosion resistance of orthodontic grade steel is
directly proportional to its carbon
content and the chromium content
( PASSIVATION EFFECT) .
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58. TYPES OF CORROSIONTYPES OF CORROSION
-- Solution corrosionSolution corrosion
-- Debris / Interface corrosionDebris / Interface corrosion
-- Stress corrosionStress corrosion
-- Pit corrosionPit corrosion
Heat accelerates the corrosionHeat accelerates the corrosion
JCO Volume 1987JCO Volume 1987
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59. REUSE OF ORTHODONTIC WIRESREUSE OF ORTHODONTIC WIRES
Most of the orthodontists uses stainless steel nMost of the orthodontists uses stainless steel n
nickel titanium wires of which NITINOL wasnickel titanium wires of which NITINOL was
most commonly used.most commonly used.
"Do we reuse nickel-titanium wires? Yes.."Do we reuse nickel-titanium wires? Yes..
So how to sterilize it ?..So how to sterilize it ?..
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60. 1.1. Heat sterilizationHeat sterilization is the most reliable method -is the most reliable method -
(Steam autoclaving at 121(Steam autoclaving at 12100
C,15-20psi for 20 min)C,15-20psi for 20 min)
2.2. Chemical sterilizationChemical sterilization are corrosive & attackare corrosive & attack
metals immersed in them .metals immersed in them .
Alcohol ,glutaraldehyde , iodoform , chlorineAlcohol ,glutaraldehyde , iodoform , chlorine
dioxide , quaternary ammonium compoundsdioxide , quaternary ammonium compounds
are materials of choice for the sterilization ofare materials of choice for the sterilization of
arch wiresarch wires ..
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61. Draw backs in the reuse of arch wiresDraw backs in the reuse of arch wires
Mechanical property deteriorationMechanical property deterioration was thewas the
main concern, followed by Bmain concern, followed by Bacterial and viralacterial and viral
diseasesdiseases ....
Wire size problems, breakage, and generalWire size problems, breakage, and general
uneasiness about placing a wire from oneuneasiness about placing a wire from one
patient's mouth into another's.patient's mouth into another's.
ADVADV :: Cost savingCost saving ..
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62. CAUSES OF STERILIZATIONCAUSES OF STERILIZATION
FAILUREFAILURE (GEORGE 1993 JCO)(GEORGE 1993 JCO)
CYCLE TIME TOO SHORTCYCLE TIME TOO SHORT
TEMPERATURE TOO LOWTEMPERATURE TOO LOW
FAILURE TO PREHEATFAILURE TO PREHEAT
FAULTY STERILIZERFAULTY STERILIZER
INTERRUPTING OF CYCLEINTERRUPTING OF CYCLE
OVERLOADING OF CHAMBEROVERLOADING OF CHAMBER
INADEQUATE STAFF TRAININGINADEQUATE STAFF TRAINING
IMPROPER PRECLEANING, PACKAGINGIMPROPER PRECLEANING, PACKAGING
FAILURE TO USE BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR TESTING.FAILURE TO USE BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR TESTING.
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63. DISPENSING MATERIALS WITHDISPENSING MATERIALS WITH
MINIMUM CONTAMINATIONMINIMUM CONTAMINATION
Disposable items such asDisposable items such as patientpatient
napkins, gauze pads, syringes, andnapkins, gauze pads, syringes, and
suction tipssuction tips are stored at the chairs.are stored at the chairs.
ArchwiresArchwires are stored and deliveredare stored and delivered
inin Ormco Kleen Paks .Ormco Kleen Paks .
Elastomeric ligaturesElastomeric ligatures are dispensed from TP Carouselare dispensed from TP Carousel
ligature dispensers, which dispense individual modules,ligature dispensers, which dispense individual modules,
or from strips of 10 units each, which are stored inor from strips of 10 units each, which are stored in
plastic boxes.plastic boxes.
Spools of Alastik chain and nickel titanium wireSpools of Alastik chain and nickel titanium wire areare
kept on Unitek chain dispensers to minimize handlingkept on Unitek chain dispensers to minimize handling
during cutting.during cutting.
Takla JCO Volume 1997 AugJCO Volume 1997 Aug
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64. Schneeweiss in JCO 1993 described a method of cutting
elastomeric modules into smaller sections and covering them
with clear tubing, which could then be cold sterilized.
During archwire placement, the operator contacts only the
outside tubing while removing ligatures
More recently, dispensers have been introduced onto the market,
but the effectiveness of such dispensers in controlling cross
-infection has yet to be fully evaluatedMore recently, dispensers
have been introduced onto the market, but the effectiveness of
such dispensers in controlling cross -infection has yet to be fully
evaluated.
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65. WASTE DISPOSALWASTE DISPOSAL
Its should be disposed in tamper proof
containers/ boxes.
Its should be labeled as BIOHAZARD.
Should be in tune with the existing laws of the
area.
Sharp material should be stored in hard walled
leak proof containers ,red in color.
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66. Color coding for waste disposal
Yellow --- waste for incineration .
Yellow with --- waste for land fill .
black stripes
Light blue--- for autoclaving before disposal
Red ---human anatomical wastes.
Black ---normal household wastes.
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67. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Here ,the
orthodontist can
minimize and even
prevent the
possibility of cross
Infection .This may
be the best
protection against
the transmission of
hepatitis and other
diseases and
perhaps , the filing
of a malpractice suit
.
Effective infection control
must be a routine
component of professional
activity .The use of
universal precautions in the
management of all patients
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69. INACTIVATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Hepatitis virus→ Kobayashi and associates (1984),
using direct chimpanzee inoculation as an assay
method, found that 0.1% aqueous glutaraldehyde at
24° C for 5 minutes, 1% aqueous glutaraldehyde at
24° C for 1 minute, 80% ethanol at 11° C for 2
minutes, and heat at 98° C for 2 minutes are all able
to inactivate hepatitis B virus in human plasma.
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70. AIDS virus→ AIDS virus is inactivated after
treatment with 50% ethyl alcohol, 35% isopropyl
alcohol, 0.1% household bleach, Lysol, and 0.3%
H2O2 at room temperature (21° to 25° C) for 2 to 10
minutes. Heating at 56° C for 30 minutes inactivates
the AIDS virus, and one investigator found the virus
titer level dropped to undetectable levels after 10
minutes of heating at 56° C in the presence of serum.
HTLV III/LAV has unusual stability at room
temperature. Infective viral particles have survived
for more than a week at 20° to 22° C in either dry
form or liquid medium
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