Fundamental definitions properties and measurements.

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PRESENTED BY:
BAKHTAWAR MANZOOR 2k17-che-04
SECTION: (A)
DEPARTMENT:CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PRESENTED TO:DR. SADIQ HUSSAIN

3. FUNDAMENTAL
DEFINATIONS,PROPERTIES AND
VARIOUS MEAURMENTS

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TABLE OF CONTENT:
Sr.No Topics
1 Liquid fuels and Gaseous fuels
2 Composition of Petroleum
3 API or API Gravity
4 Viscosity Index
5 Flash point & Fire point
6 Burning Quality
7 Carbon Residue
8 Octane Number
9 Aniline Point
10 Diesel Index
11 Conclusion
12 References

5. Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels
 Combustible or energy-
generating.
 Gaseous fuels are obtained either
naturally or by the treatment of
solid or liquid fuel.
 Create mechanical energy,
usually producing kinetic
energy.
 Natural gas and liquefied
petroleum gas are most
important.
They also must take the shape of
their container.
 These gases have high calorific
value.
 Liquids are more efficient.  Gases are less efficient.

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 The composition of petroleum varies with the
location, age and individual as well.
 Hydrocarbons are the major constituents of
Petroleum.
Composition of Petroleum

9. API GRAVITY:
The American Petroleum Institute gravity is a measure of how
heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water.
 If its API gravity is greater than 10,
it is lighter and floats on water;
if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks.
 It is used to compare densities
of petroleum liquids.
 Dimensionless quantity.
Range: 10-70 degrees.
For example:
If one petroleum liquid is less dense than another,
it has a greater API gravity.

10. Viscosity index
 The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary.
 It is unitless measure.
 It is mostly used to characterize
the viscosity-temperature
behavior of lubricating oils.
 For the increase in temperature, the
Viscosity of a liquid decreases.
 The VI was originally measured
on a scale from 0 to 100.

11. Flash point and fire point
 Flash point:
Denotes the lowest
temperature at which, if a distinct
source of ignition were brought in
contact with the vapor-air mixture,
the vapor catches fire.
 Fire point:
It is the lowest temperature
at which, even in the absence of an
ignition source, the mixture
(air-vapor and liquid surface) catches fire.
Apparatus

12. Burning Quality
Burning quality of kerosene can be determined by illuminating
capacity and it is expressed by two properties:
1. Smoke point
2. Char Value
Smoke Point:
“The maximum flame height
in millimeters when kerosene
burns in a standard apparatus
without producing any smoke.”
Char Value:
“It is the amount of the char
produced in milligrams on the
wick of a standard apparatus per
kilogram of kerosene demand.”

13. Pour point and cloud point:
 Cloud point and pour point are important physical
properties of any liquid fuel.
Cloud point:
“The temperature at which
a cloud of wax crystals first
appear in a liquid fuel when
it is cooled under special
testing conditions.”
Pour point:
“The lowest temperature at
which movement of oil is
observed and the fuel can
be pumped easily.”
Apparatus

15. Carbon residue
“The tendency of
that fuel to form carbon deposits
at high temperature in an inert
atmosphere. “
 Carbon residue for a fuel is
measured in weight percentage
(wt %) or parts per million
by weight (ppm wt).
 Carbon Residue
Tester.

16. Octane Number
“It determines the quality of gasoline or petrol.”
 When gasoline is burned in a spark ignition it produces
power .
 A good quality gasoline burns smoothly without making
any noise in the engine.
 Tetraethyl lead (LED) is the most common improver.
Cetane Number
 Cetane number is an indicator of the combustion speed
of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition.
 The CN is an important factor in determining the quality of
diesel fuel.

18. Aniline point
“The minimum temperature
at which equal volumes
of aniline and lubricant
oil are miscible .”
Determination of aniline point:
 Equal volumes of aniline and oil are stirred
continuously in a test tube and heated
until the two merge into a homogeneous solution
Heating is stopped and the tube is allowed to
cool. The temperature at which the two phases
separate out is recorded as aniline point.

19. Diesel index
 Diesel Index is just same as Cetane Number.
 Both denote the Ignition properties of a Diesel Fuel.
 Diesel Index is calculated based on the fuel’s density and
distillation range.
 The increase in both Diesel Index and Cetane Number
indicates good quality fuel.

20. Conclusion
By the above theory we conclude that gaseous fuel has high
efficiency and good quality but they are expensive and has
high risk.
Fuel helps diminish global Warming and to conserve natural
resources.

21. References
1. Fuels and cobustion,S.Sarkar,2nd edition, Orient Longman
ltd,1990.
2. National physical Laboratory, Tables of physical and
chemical constants,
http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_11/3_11_4.ht
ml.
3. Synthetic Fuel.
4. Fuel and combustion barrier smith.
5. Fuel and energy Archer J.