Serum is the pale yellow fluid remaining after blood has clotted, containing proteins, electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any drugs present. The main cellular components of blood are red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide without nuclei, white blood cells that help fight infection in two types, and platelets that help with clotting and don't have nuclei. Normal ranges are provided for counts of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

9. Serum is pale yellow fluid of blood
without clotting factors and all cells
Serum contains: proteins that not used
in blood clotting, electrolytes,
antibodies, antigens, hormones and
any exogenous substances such as
drugs

11. 2) CELLS
Erythrocytes (RBC)
• No nucleus, biconcave shaped
• Energy retrieved by anaerobic
oxidation of glucose (no
mitochondria)
• Contain hemoglobin(give red
color): gases transport, O2 and
CO2
• Lacking organelles to provide
for transportation
• Normal value
Male: 4.7 – 6.1 million/mil
Female: 4.2 – 5.4 million/mil
Leucocyte (WBCs)
• Includes two types:
Granular (basophil,
neutrophils and eosinophil
Agranular (monocytes and
lymphocytes)
• Normal value:
4000-11000 cell/mm3
Platelets
• Circular bodies
• Don’t have nucleus and other
organelles
• Normal value: 150 000 – 450
000 plt/ uL