The document summarizes the composition of blood. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It provides details on the formation and function of each blood component. For example, it states that erythrocytes carry oxygen, leukocytes defend against pathogens, and platelets initiate clotting. The document also covers hematopoiesis, blood cell development, and conditions like anemia.

1. K.Z.S Science college, Bramhani Kalmeshwar
Department of Zoology
Topic
Compositions of Blood
Guided by
Dr. Virendra Shende
Presented by
Mr. Harshal D. Shrote
B.Sc Vth sem
2017-2018

2. The Blood

3. Contents :-
• Introduction
• Formation of Blood
• Compositions of Blood
-- Plasma
-- Erythrocytes(RBCs)
-- Leukocytes (WBCs)
-- Thrombocytes(Platelets)

4.  Connective tissue in fluid form
 Fluid of life – Carries oxygen from lungs to all parts
of body and carbon-dioxide from all parts of the body to
the lungs.
 Fluid of growth – Carries nutritive substances from
the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland
to all the tissues.
 Fluid of health – Protects the body against diseases
and get rid of unwanted substances by
transporting them into excretory organs like kidney.

5. - Blood makes up 6–8% of our
total body weight.
- Normal adult blood volume is 5 L.
- Blood is made up of cellular
material in a fluid called plasma.

6. Formation of Blood
• Hematopoiesis  The formation and development of blood cells.
• In adults the cellular elements are produced in the bone marrow.
• Some WBCs are produced in the lymphatic tissue and bone marrow.
• Blood cells need certain nutrients to form properly.
• Examples include…..
—Iron
—Folic acid
—Vitamin B12.
• All blood cells formed come
from a hematopoietic stem cell..
• These cells can become any
blood cell.

8. 1) Plasma
2) The Formed Elements
(blood cells)
Composition of the Blood

9. • Straw colored clear liquid .
• Contains 90% water.
• 7% plasma proteins,
Created in liver,
Confined to bloodstream.
 Albumin
Maintain blood osmotic pressure.
 Immunoglobulins
Antibodies bind to foreign
substances called antigens,
Form antigen-antibody complexes.
 Fibrinogen
For clotting .
• 2% other substances
 Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste products.
Blood Plasma

10. The Formed Elements
(Blood Cells)

11. Formed elements include:
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
Platelets (Cellular Fragments)
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells, WBCs)
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes

12. Hematocrit
The Hematocrit
also known
by several other
names, is
the volume
percentage of red
blood
cells in blood. It
is normally 45%
for men and 40%
for women.

13. Erythrocytes
(Red Blood Cells)
- Carries oxygen to tissues

14. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
Appearance:
- Biconcave disc shape,
which is suited for gas
exchange . The shape is
flexible so that RBCs can
pass though the smallest
blood vessels, i.e.,
capillaries.

15. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
Structure:
-Primary cell content is
Hemoglobin, the protein
that binds oxygen and
carbon dioxide.

16. Hemoglobin consists of :
Globin and Heme pigment

17. Globin
- Consists of two  and two  subunits.
- Each subunit binds to a heme group.

18. Oxyhemoglobin
- Bound with oxygen
- Red
Deoxyhemoglobin
- Free of oxygen
- Dark red.
Carbaminohemoglobi
n
20% of carbon dioxide
in the blood binds to
the Globin part of
hemoglobin, which is
called Carbamino-
Hemoglobin.

19. Erythropoiesis
Erythrocytes forms in about 7 days and they can survive to
several weeks or months depending on species.
Erythrocytes are produced throughout whole life to replace
dead cells.In average, one ounce, or 100 billion blood cells,
are made each day.

20. Ways to increase Red Blood Cell Count in Sports
Legal
Illegal
Raise RBC count by training athletes at high
altitude.
Use Erythropoietin, Androgen, or their
analogs.

21. Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis
Iron
vitamin B12
folic acid
More important to women due to the
loss of blood during menstruation.

22. Anemia :-
It is a condition in which the
blood has an abnormally low oxygen-carrying
capacity.
Erythrocyte Disorder

23. Common causes of anemia include:
1) An insufficient number of red blood cells.
2) Decreased hemoglobin content.
3) Abnormal hemoglobin.
Two such examples are
Thalassemias and Sickle-cell anemia,
which are caused by genetic defects.

25. Red cell indices :--
• MCV :- Mean Corpuscular Volume
• MCH :- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
• MCHC :- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration
• RDW :- Red Cells Distribution Width

26. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Defends against infectious agents(bacteria
,parasites viruses and etc.).

27. Leukocytes are grouped into two major categories:
Granulocytes
- contain specialized membrane-bound
cytoplasmic granules.
- include Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
Agranulocytes
- lack obvious granules.
- include Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

28. Neutrophils
- 40%-70% WBCs
- Nucleus multilobed
- Duration of development: 6-9 days
- Life Span: 6 hours to a few days
- Function: Phagocytize bacteria

29. Eosinophils
- 1%-4% WBCs
- Nucleus bilobed
- Development:6-9 days
- Life Span: 8-12 days
- Function:
1) Kill parasitic worms
2) destroy antigen-antibody complexes
3) inactivate some inflammatory chemical of allergy

30. Basophils
- 0.5% WBCs
- Nucleus lobed
- Development: 3-7 days
- Life Span: a few hours to a few days
- Function:
1) Release histamine and other mediators of
inflammation
2) contain heparin, an anticoagulant

31. Lymphocytes
- T cells and B cells
- 20%-45% WBCs
- Nucleus spherical or indented
- Development: days to weeks
- Life Span: hours to years
- Function
Mount Immune Response by direct cell attack (T
cells) or via antibodies (B cells).

32. Monocytes
- 4%-8% WBCs
- Nucleus U-shaped
- Development: 2-3 days
- Life Span: months
- Functions:
Phagocytosis
develop into Macrophages in tissues.

33. Platelets
Platelets are not cells but cytoplasmic fragments
of extraordinarily large (up to 60 m in
diameter) cells called Megakaryocytes.
Normal Platelet Count: 130,000 – 400,000/l.

34. • Fragments of multinucleate cells.
• Irregular shape (Necessary in Clotting).
• Initiate Clotting Cascade by clinging to broken
vessel walls.

36. Thank You…..