Introduction to Anatomy and physiology

1. INTRODUCTION ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY II
COURSE CODE: 301
DEPARTMENT OF
LABORATORY
SCHOOL: TUBMAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL ARTS(TNIMA)JOHN F.KENNEDY
MEDICAL CENTER (JFK)
INSTRUCTOR: JAMES V.T. TUCKOLON
QUALIFICATION: RN, ASN, BSN, MSN/PEDIATRIC
MAY 12,.2023
7/31/2023 1

2. INTRODUCTION TO A&P II
OBJECTIVE OR LEARNING OUTCOMES:
•By the end of this section, you will be able to do the
following:
•List the basic components of the blood
•Compare red and white blood cells
•Describe blood plasma and serum

3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM(CARDIOVASCULAR)
The circulatory system, sometimes called the
cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, blood
vessels, and blood.
It transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to all
the cells in the body It picks up waste products
generated by metabolic processes and delivers
them to other organs for disposal.
The heart provides the "muscle" needed to pump
blood throughout the body.
The system circulates blood in two circuits:
The Pulmonary circuit and Systemic circuit.

4. ANATOMY

5. A&P OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

6. A&P OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood circulation is possible by means of a central
pump—the heart and a conduit system—arteries
and veins.
This circulation system ensures human body cell
survival by carrying all the necessary nutrients and
removing the waste products of tissue metabolism
( Fischer,2019).
 The study of blood and the cardiovascular
structure is called hemodynamics, and can be
analyzed from a biophysical point of view (
Fischer,2019)..

7. THE HUMAN BLOOD
Human blood has cells and plasma that can be separated
using a simple technique that consists of centrifuging a
sample obtained from a peripheral vein.
Centrifugation allows one to separate the solid (cellular)
from the liquid phase (plasma).
The Hematocrit is the volume of erythrocytes expressed as
a percentage of the total centrifuged blood volume.
It is valuable data that helps one to diagnose blood
diseases such as anemia. In humans, the normal value of
the hematocrit ranges from 40% to 45%, and is higher in
males than in females (Fung 2004).

8. THE HUMAN BLOOD
Hemoglobin is responsible for distributing oxygen, and to a
lesser extent, carbon dioxide,
Throughout the circulatory systems of humans, vertebrates,
and many invertebrates.
Blood is actually a term used to describe the liquid that moves
through the vessels and includes plasma (the liquid portion,
 which contains water, proteins, salts, lipids, and glucose) and
the cells (red and white cells) and cell fragments called
platelets.
 Blood plasma is actually the dominant component of blood
and contains the water, proteins, electrolytes, lipids, and
glucose.

9. Human Blood continues
The cells are responsible for carrying the gases (red
cells) and the immune response (white).
The platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
Interstitial fluid that surrounds cells is separate from
the blood, but in hemolymph, they are combined.
In humans, cellular components make up
approximately 45 percent of the blood and the liquid
plasma 55 percent.
Blood is 20 percent of a person’s extracellular fluid
and eight percent of weight.

10. THE ROLE OF BLOOD IN THE BODY
The blood, like the human blood is important for
regulation of the body’s systems and homeostasis.
 Blood helps maintain homeostasis by stabilizing
pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, and by
eliminating excess heat.
Blood supports growth by distributing nutrients
and hormones, and by removing waste.
Blood plays a protective role by transporting
clotting factors and platelets to prevent blood loss
and transporting the disease-fighting agents or
white blood cells to sites of infection.

11. THE BLOOD CELLS
Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the cells
and remove carbon dioxide.
White blood cells—including neutrophils,
monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and
basophils—are involved in the immune
response.
Platelets form clots that prevent blood
loss after injury

12. RBC (Erythrocytes )
• Red blood cells, or erythrocytes (erythro- = “red”; -cyte =
“cell”), are specialized cells that circulate through the body
delivering oxygen to cells
• ; they are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.
• In mammals, red blood cells are small biconcave cells that
at maturity do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria and
are only 7–8 µm in size.
• The red coloring of blood comes from the iron-containing
protein hemoglobin.

13. RBC (Erythrocytes )
The principle job of this protein is to carry oxygen, but it
also transports carbon dioxide as well.
Hemoglobin is packed into red blood cells at a rate of
about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin per cell.
Each hemoglobin molecule binds four oxygen molecules
so that each red blood cell carries one billion molecules of
oxygen.

14. COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD

15. BLOOD COMPOSITION
Hematocrit: % of erythrocytes volume to the total
blood volume.
Normal hematocrit values in healthy males is 47% ±
5% and in females it is 42% ± 5%
Normal pH between 7.35 and 7.45
Approximately , 8% of body weight
 Average volume in healthy adult males is 5-6 L, but
4-5 L in healthy adult females

16. Blood composition

17. FUNCTIONS OF THE
BLOOD
Deliver O2
Remove metabolic wastes
Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
Protection from blood loss- platelets
Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
Transport hormone

18. BLOOD PLASMA
• Plasma is a straw-colored fluid, with water being its
most important constituent.
•As blood is considered a tissue, plasma would be a
part of the interstitial space.
•The solutes present in plasma are: proteins
(albumin, fibrinogen, globulin among others), ions
(Na+, Ca++, Cl−, K+), metabolites, hormones,
platelets, nutrients and waste products of cellular
metabolism.

19. BLOOD PLASMA
Platelets are little pieces of bone
marrow cells called megakaryocytes,
which have a very important role in
blood clotting formation.
 Platelets are formed elements of
human blood whose concentration is
in the range of 1.8–4.0 × 105 mm3 of
blood (Feher 2012).

20. Break
5
minutes

21. Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma Components (55%)
90% Water
 Proteins 8% w/v
Albumin (60 %): Produced by the liver, Maintain
osmotic pressure, Transport hormones and
enzymes
Globulins (36%): Alpha and Beta Globulins:
produced by the liver, transport lipids, metals and
fat soluble vitamins,
Gamma Globulins: Antibodies released by plasma
cells in response to immune response
•

22. BLOOD PLASMA
Fibrinogens (4%): Produced by the liver, form fibrin
fibers of blood clots
Gas
Electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO4-, HCO3 ,
Maintain plasma osmotic pressure and pH
Organic Nutrients – Carbohydrates – Amino Acids –
Lipids – Vitamins
 Hormones: Steroid and thyroid hormones are
carried by plasma proteins
Metabolic waste – CO2, urea, uric acid, creatinine,
ammonium salts

23. BLOOD PLASMA

25. ANATOMY OF THE WBC

26. RBC(ERYTHROCYTES )

27. RBC(ERYTHROCYTES )
Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2
 chains
Lack mitochondria, because they generate ATP by
anaerobic mechanisms,
therefore they do not consume any of the oxygen
they carry
RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
Life span 100-120 days and then are destroyed in
spleen (RBC graveyard

28. RBC(ERYTHROCYTES ) COUNT
Men: 4.7–6.1 million cells/ microliter
Women: 4.2- 5.4 million cells/ microliter
Erythrocytes are the major factor contributing to
blood viscosity.
When the number of Erythrocytes increases beyond
the normal range, blood becomes more viscous and
flows more slowly.
When the number of Erythrocytes drops below the
lower end of the range, the blood thins and flows
more rapidly

30. HEMOGLOBIN
 Normal values for hemoglobin are 13–18 g/100 ml in adult males and
12–16 g/100 ml in adult females
 Hemoglobin is made up of the red heme pigment bound to the
protein globin.
 Globin consists of four polypeptide chains: two alpha (α) and two
beta (β)—each binding a ring-like heme
 Each heme group bears an atom of iron in its center
 A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen
because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of
oxygen
 A single RBC contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, so
each RBC can carry about 1 billion molecules of oxygen

31. Hematopoiesis
 Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation
 Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal
epiphyses of humerus and femur
 On average, the marrow turns out 29.5 ml of new blood containing
100 billion new cells every day
 Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
 Give rise to all formed elements
 Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward a specific
pathway of blood cell development

32. Hematopoiesis

33. • References
• Fischer, E. I. C. (2019). Structural basis of the circulatory system.
In Biomechanical Modeling of the Cardiovascular System. IOP
Publishing.
• Fung Y C 2004 Biomechanics. Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues
2nd edn (New York: Springer)