1. The document provides instructions on how to install AutoCAD 2008 and describes its basic functions and tools.
2. It explains how to start a new file, set units and limits, use layers, add dimensions, and draw basic shapes like lines, circles, and rectangles.
3. The document also covers topics like zooming, panning, setting grid and snap settings, and using multilines, polygons, and other drawing tools in AutoCAD 2008.
Solid works lab manual including auto cadPUDOTATHARUN
The document describes experiments conducted using AutoCAD and SolidWorks software to create 3D models based on given dimensions. In Experiment 1, circles, lines, arrays and other commands were used in AutoCAD to draw a figure. Experiment 2 involved using circles, arrays, mirrors, trims and other tools to draw another object. Experiment 3 provided steps to model an object in SolidWorks using rectangles, extrusions, holes, and fillets.
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) involves preparing drawings on a computer screen. AutoCAD is a commonly used CAD software that allows designers and engineers to create 2D drawings and 3D models. It contains various commands to draw basic shapes and entities like lines, circles, rectangles, and more advanced tools for editing, layering, dimensions, and hatching. Some key commands include LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, ARRAY, COPY, and HATCH. AutoCAD also allows organizing drawings using layers, text, and dimensions to fully detail engineering designs.
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) involves using specialized software and hardware to construct drawings on a computer screen. Common CAD software packages include AutoCAD, Pro/ENGINEER, and SolidWorks. CAD offers several advantages over manual drafting such as precision, speed, easy editing, storage capacity, standard part libraries, scaling abilities, and improved visualization. Main components of CAD systems include title bars, menu bars, tool bars, status bars, command windows, and document windows. Common commands are used for drawing, editing, dimensioning, and other functions.
AutoCAD is a 2D and 3D CAD software application developed and sold by Autodesk. It was initially released in 1982 and is used for mechanical, civil, architectural, and other design projects. AutoCAD provides tools for drafting and design work including lines, circles, arcs, polygons, splines, regions, and more. It is widely used in industries like architecture, engineering, and construction.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the 3D model of a bearing created in AutoCAD:
The document outlines the steps taken to model a bearing in AutoCAD 3D 2007, including using lines, arcs, and regions to construct the shape, mirroring the model, revolving it around an axis, and arranging multiple copies in an array. Screenshots are included to show the final 3D model rendered with realistic shading.
The document is a practical evaluation form for a course on computer aided design using AutoCAD. It provides instructions on how to set up a new drawing, set drawing limits, and use various drawing commands in AutoCAD to create lines, rectangles, arcs, circles, ellipses, and polygons. These include selecting the appropriate tools from menus and toolbars and specifying relevant points or parameters at the command line prompts. The goal is for students to learn how to skillfully apply draw and editing commands to produce both simple and complex technical drawings.
This presentation introduces AutoCAD software. It provides an outline covering an introduction to AutoCAD and its screen workspace, command methods, coordinate systems, basic 2D drawing commands like line, circle, rectangle, and their various drawing methods. Additional commands covered include edit functions like erase, move, copy and scale. Benefits of CAD like improved productivity and accuracy are also highlighted. AutoCAD is suitable for mechanical, civil, and other engineering drawings in 2D and 3D.
Solid works lab manual including auto cadPUDOTATHARUN
The document describes experiments conducted using AutoCAD and SolidWorks software to create 3D models based on given dimensions. In Experiment 1, circles, lines, arrays and other commands were used in AutoCAD to draw a figure. Experiment 2 involved using circles, arrays, mirrors, trims and other tools to draw another object. Experiment 3 provided steps to model an object in SolidWorks using rectangles, extrusions, holes, and fillets.
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) involves preparing drawings on a computer screen. AutoCAD is a commonly used CAD software that allows designers and engineers to create 2D drawings and 3D models. It contains various commands to draw basic shapes and entities like lines, circles, rectangles, and more advanced tools for editing, layering, dimensions, and hatching. Some key commands include LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, ARRAY, COPY, and HATCH. AutoCAD also allows organizing drawings using layers, text, and dimensions to fully detail engineering designs.
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) involves using specialized software and hardware to construct drawings on a computer screen. Common CAD software packages include AutoCAD, Pro/ENGINEER, and SolidWorks. CAD offers several advantages over manual drafting such as precision, speed, easy editing, storage capacity, standard part libraries, scaling abilities, and improved visualization. Main components of CAD systems include title bars, menu bars, tool bars, status bars, command windows, and document windows. Common commands are used for drawing, editing, dimensioning, and other functions.
AutoCAD is a 2D and 3D CAD software application developed and sold by Autodesk. It was initially released in 1982 and is used for mechanical, civil, architectural, and other design projects. AutoCAD provides tools for drafting and design work including lines, circles, arcs, polygons, splines, regions, and more. It is widely used in industries like architecture, engineering, and construction.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the 3D model of a bearing created in AutoCAD:
The document outlines the steps taken to model a bearing in AutoCAD 3D 2007, including using lines, arcs, and regions to construct the shape, mirroring the model, revolving it around an axis, and arranging multiple copies in an array. Screenshots are included to show the final 3D model rendered with realistic shading.
The document is a practical evaluation form for a course on computer aided design using AutoCAD. It provides instructions on how to set up a new drawing, set drawing limits, and use various drawing commands in AutoCAD to create lines, rectangles, arcs, circles, ellipses, and polygons. These include selecting the appropriate tools from menus and toolbars and specifying relevant points or parameters at the command line prompts. The goal is for students to learn how to skillfully apply draw and editing commands to produce both simple and complex technical drawings.
This presentation introduces AutoCAD software. It provides an outline covering an introduction to AutoCAD and its screen workspace, command methods, coordinate systems, basic 2D drawing commands like line, circle, rectangle, and their various drawing methods. Additional commands covered include edit functions like erase, move, copy and scale. Benefits of CAD like improved productivity and accuracy are also highlighted. AutoCAD is suitable for mechanical, civil, and other engineering drawings in 2D and 3D.
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) involves using computer software to electronically prepare drawings of objects. CAD provides benefits like improved productivity, accuracy, and ability to easily modify designs. Common CAD software includes AutoCAD, which allows users to construct drawings using basic elements like points, lines, and circles. Commands are used to create objects, edit them, and perform other functions. CAD improves the design process.
CAD (computer-aided drafting) involves using computer software and hardware to construct drawings. Popular CAD software includes AutoCAD, Pro/ENGINEER, and SolidWorks. CAD offers advantages like accuracy, speed, easy editing, storage capacity, standard part libraries, scaling, visualization, and not requiring physical drawing tools. Main CAD components are the title bar, menu bar, toolbars, status bar, command window, and drawing area. Common commands are for drawing (LINE, CIRCLE), editing (COPY, ERASE), dimensions (DIMALIGNED, DIMRADIUS), and polygons (POLYGON).
The document provides an overview of AutoCAD and its uses for fashion design. It discusses how CAD saves designers time in the design process and gives them more flexibility. It provides step-by-step instructions on how to open and use AutoCAD, including how to draw different shapes and modify objects. Dimensioning, layers, and importing images are also covered. The document is intended to teach the basics of using AutoCAD for fashion design applications.
The document describes an experiment on line clipping using the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm. It includes:
1) The aim is to display the 4-bit region codes of line endpoints and clip lines intersecting the screen window using Cohen-Sutherland clipping.
2) The tasks involve displaying region codes, and clipping lines intersecting at one point or multiple points.
3) Pseudocode is provided for the algorithms to display region codes, clip lines intersecting at one point, and lines at multiple points.
This document provides an introduction and overview of how to use AutoCAD for mechanical engineering drawings. It begins with an introduction to CAD software and AutoCAD specifically. It then demonstrates how to set up units, layers, text styles, and dimension styles. Examples are provided for creating basic shapes like circles and polygons. Commands covered include COPY, MOVE, PLINE, DIMENSIONS, and exporting to PDF. The document concludes with a list of important AutoCAD commands.
Department of Mechanical Engineering TechnologyFahad Al-Harbi
The document describes a project at Yanbu Industrial College to improve operations on an EMCO Mill 155 CNC machine. The objectives were to fully operate the machine and add capabilities to solve problems with zero point setting, tool offsets, and job clamping. A new vice was designed to increase the size of parts that could be clamped. The zero point and tool length measurement process was also improved to reduce setup time and enhance machining operations. An example program is provided to machine a coupling using the new vice and settings.
A Visual Guide to Design of Experiments using Quantum XLRamon Balisnomo
An introductory course on developing transfer functions through Design of Experiment (DOE) using the statistical software Quantum XL (QXL). The presentation's purpose is to: (1) give practical advice on the trade-off between the required number of experiments and the accuracy of the transfer function; (2) showcase the user interface for Quantum XL, which integrates DOE and Monte Carlo seamlessly in one package.
This document provides instructions for designing a 2D model using AutoCAD software. It lists the necessary software, hardware, and commands used. The procedure involves drawing individual part diagrams, adding dimensions, assembling the parts to form the desired model, and creating a bill of materials table to identify parts and quantities. The aim is to design a 2D model using AutoCAD.
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting software used by engineers to create 2D and 3D designs. It has many tools that allow users to draw various shapes and objects with precision. Users can create floor plans, sections, and elevations of buildings. Objects in AutoCAD can be edited and modified easily. The document provides an introduction and overview of basic AutoCAD tools and functions such as drawing lines, rectangles, circles, and 3D solids. It also discusses the use of different coordinate systems, editing commands, and hatching patterns.
This document provides an introduction to Mathematica and its capabilities. It describes how to start Mathematica in both notebook and text-based interfaces on different platforms. It then covers basic numerical calculations, functions, equations, programming constructs, graphics, data visualization, and high performance computing in Mathematica including vectorization, GPU programming, and using CUDALink.
The document discusses operational research case studies for several companies including Digital Imaging which produces photo printers, Better Fitness Inc. that manufactures exercise equipment, and Hart Venture Capital which provides funding for software development projects. The case studies formulate linear programming problems to optimize objectives like profit maximization based on production constraints like available machine time and labor costs.
This document provides instructions for using various commands in AutoCAD to create different geometric shapes and perform editing functions. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD and descriptions of the screen components. It then explains how to use commands like LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, COPY, MIRROR and ERASE to draw and modify objects. Examples are provided for each command's prompt sequence. The document aims to teach the fundamentals of using geometric drawing tools in AutoCAD.
This document describes the design of a wood picnic table in CATIA. It discusses the process of sketching each individual part like the bottom stand connector, top stand connector, seat bench wood, and table stand. The steps include entering the sketcher workbench, using profiles and constraints to sketch the parts, extruding the sketches to create solid parts, and using operations like mirror to create symmetrical parts. The document concludes that this project exposes students to using CATIA software to design complex assemblies from individual parts and helps develop their CAD/CAM skills for future engineering careers.
This document provides a 3-page summary of a 6-week training course on AutoCAD 2D and 3D modeling software. It includes an introduction to AutoCAD and descriptions of the graphical user interface, common commands like line, circle, and erase, and exercises in 2D and 3D modeling. The summary describes the key components of the AutoCAD interface and how to use basic drawing and editing tools.
Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil testing to analyze the land and foundation requirements.
2. Prepare detailed design drawings showing the architectural, structural, utility plans.
3. Obtain necessary permits and approvals from local authorities.
4. Tender the project and evaluate contractor bids to appoint the most suitable one.
5. Supervise the contractor during site preparation and foundation works.
6. Inspect and approve the installation of underground utilities and stormwater systems.
7. Oversee and inspect the building construction as per the approved plans and specifications.
8. Ensure quality
Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil investigation to analyze the land and soil conditions.
2. Prepare the site development plan, building layout, and infrastructure plans like roads, parking, drainage, sewage, water supply etc.
3. Develop a work schedule and cost estimate for approval.
4. Obtain necessary permits from the local authorities.
5. Supervise the foundation work, earthwork and infrastructure development.
6. Monitor the quality of materials and construction techniques.
7. Review and approve contractor's work progress and process payments.
8. Address any design or construction
Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil investigation to analyze the land and soil conditions.
2. Prepare the site development plan, building layout, and infrastructure plans like roads, parking, drainage, water supply and sewage systems.
3. Obtain necessary approvals and permits from local authorities.
4. Develop a detailed schedule and cost estimate for efficient project planning and management.
5. Tender the project and evaluate contractor bids to award the work.
6. Supervise the construction to ensure it meets specifications, standards and stays on schedule.
7. Inspect and test infrastructure like
The document provides an introduction to AutoCAD, including its origins and development. It discusses some of AutoCAD's key features like drawing 2D and 3D objects, editing tools, object snapping, zooming and panning. It also covers topics like units systems, paper sizes, hatching, solid modeling, and the difference between the world coordinate system and user coordinate systems. The document serves as an overview guide for learning the basics of using AutoCAD.
It is required that after the course study
you should:
Have a general concept about DT
Master Panorama DT operation
Master Panorama data analysis
Chapter 1 DT Introduction
Chapter 2 Panorama DT Introduction
Chapter 3 Panorama DT Data Analysis
Collect System Air interface data
Analyze Air interface data
Assist Export Analysis report
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide LaboratoryBahzad5
الجامعة التكنولوجية
قسم هندسة البناء والإنشاءات
فرع هندسة الطرق والجسور
مختبر الأسفلت
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية
Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
:أعداد
م.د. زينب ابراهيم قاسم
م شرف مختبر الاسفلت
University of Technology
Building and Construction
Engineering Department
Highways and Bridges Engineering Branch
Asphalt Laboratory
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) involves using computer software to electronically prepare drawings of objects. CAD provides benefits like improved productivity, accuracy, and ability to easily modify designs. Common CAD software includes AutoCAD, which allows users to construct drawings using basic elements like points, lines, and circles. Commands are used to create objects, edit them, and perform other functions. CAD improves the design process.
CAD (computer-aided drafting) involves using computer software and hardware to construct drawings. Popular CAD software includes AutoCAD, Pro/ENGINEER, and SolidWorks. CAD offers advantages like accuracy, speed, easy editing, storage capacity, standard part libraries, scaling, visualization, and not requiring physical drawing tools. Main CAD components are the title bar, menu bar, toolbars, status bar, command window, and drawing area. Common commands are for drawing (LINE, CIRCLE), editing (COPY, ERASE), dimensions (DIMALIGNED, DIMRADIUS), and polygons (POLYGON).
The document provides an overview of AutoCAD and its uses for fashion design. It discusses how CAD saves designers time in the design process and gives them more flexibility. It provides step-by-step instructions on how to open and use AutoCAD, including how to draw different shapes and modify objects. Dimensioning, layers, and importing images are also covered. The document is intended to teach the basics of using AutoCAD for fashion design applications.
The document describes an experiment on line clipping using the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm. It includes:
1) The aim is to display the 4-bit region codes of line endpoints and clip lines intersecting the screen window using Cohen-Sutherland clipping.
2) The tasks involve displaying region codes, and clipping lines intersecting at one point or multiple points.
3) Pseudocode is provided for the algorithms to display region codes, clip lines intersecting at one point, and lines at multiple points.
This document provides an introduction and overview of how to use AutoCAD for mechanical engineering drawings. It begins with an introduction to CAD software and AutoCAD specifically. It then demonstrates how to set up units, layers, text styles, and dimension styles. Examples are provided for creating basic shapes like circles and polygons. Commands covered include COPY, MOVE, PLINE, DIMENSIONS, and exporting to PDF. The document concludes with a list of important AutoCAD commands.
Department of Mechanical Engineering TechnologyFahad Al-Harbi
The document describes a project at Yanbu Industrial College to improve operations on an EMCO Mill 155 CNC machine. The objectives were to fully operate the machine and add capabilities to solve problems with zero point setting, tool offsets, and job clamping. A new vice was designed to increase the size of parts that could be clamped. The zero point and tool length measurement process was also improved to reduce setup time and enhance machining operations. An example program is provided to machine a coupling using the new vice and settings.
A Visual Guide to Design of Experiments using Quantum XLRamon Balisnomo
An introductory course on developing transfer functions through Design of Experiment (DOE) using the statistical software Quantum XL (QXL). The presentation's purpose is to: (1) give practical advice on the trade-off between the required number of experiments and the accuracy of the transfer function; (2) showcase the user interface for Quantum XL, which integrates DOE and Monte Carlo seamlessly in one package.
This document provides instructions for designing a 2D model using AutoCAD software. It lists the necessary software, hardware, and commands used. The procedure involves drawing individual part diagrams, adding dimensions, assembling the parts to form the desired model, and creating a bill of materials table to identify parts and quantities. The aim is to design a 2D model using AutoCAD.
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting software used by engineers to create 2D and 3D designs. It has many tools that allow users to draw various shapes and objects with precision. Users can create floor plans, sections, and elevations of buildings. Objects in AutoCAD can be edited and modified easily. The document provides an introduction and overview of basic AutoCAD tools and functions such as drawing lines, rectangles, circles, and 3D solids. It also discusses the use of different coordinate systems, editing commands, and hatching patterns.
This document provides an introduction to Mathematica and its capabilities. It describes how to start Mathematica in both notebook and text-based interfaces on different platforms. It then covers basic numerical calculations, functions, equations, programming constructs, graphics, data visualization, and high performance computing in Mathematica including vectorization, GPU programming, and using CUDALink.
The document discusses operational research case studies for several companies including Digital Imaging which produces photo printers, Better Fitness Inc. that manufactures exercise equipment, and Hart Venture Capital which provides funding for software development projects. The case studies formulate linear programming problems to optimize objectives like profit maximization based on production constraints like available machine time and labor costs.
This document provides instructions for using various commands in AutoCAD to create different geometric shapes and perform editing functions. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD and descriptions of the screen components. It then explains how to use commands like LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, COPY, MIRROR and ERASE to draw and modify objects. Examples are provided for each command's prompt sequence. The document aims to teach the fundamentals of using geometric drawing tools in AutoCAD.
This document describes the design of a wood picnic table in CATIA. It discusses the process of sketching each individual part like the bottom stand connector, top stand connector, seat bench wood, and table stand. The steps include entering the sketcher workbench, using profiles and constraints to sketch the parts, extruding the sketches to create solid parts, and using operations like mirror to create symmetrical parts. The document concludes that this project exposes students to using CATIA software to design complex assemblies from individual parts and helps develop their CAD/CAM skills for future engineering careers.
This document provides a 3-page summary of a 6-week training course on AutoCAD 2D and 3D modeling software. It includes an introduction to AutoCAD and descriptions of the graphical user interface, common commands like line, circle, and erase, and exercises in 2D and 3D modeling. The summary describes the key components of the AutoCAD interface and how to use basic drawing and editing tools.
Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil testing to analyze the land and foundation requirements.
2. Prepare detailed design drawings showing the architectural, structural, utility plans.
3. Obtain necessary permits and approvals from local authorities.
4. Tender the project and evaluate contractor bids to appoint the most suitable one.
5. Supervise the contractor during site preparation and foundation works.
6. Inspect and approve the installation of underground utilities and stormwater systems.
7. Oversee and inspect the building construction as per the approved plans and specifications.
8. Ensure quality
Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil investigation to analyze the land and soil conditions.
2. Prepare the site development plan, building layout, and infrastructure plans like roads, parking, drainage, sewage, water supply etc.
3. Develop a work schedule and cost estimate for approval.
4. Obtain necessary permits from the local authorities.
5. Supervise the foundation work, earthwork and infrastructure development.
6. Monitor the quality of materials and construction techniques.
7. Review and approve contractor's work progress and process payments.
8. Address any design or construction
Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil investigation to analyze the land and soil conditions.
2. Prepare the site development plan, building layout, and infrastructure plans like roads, parking, drainage, water supply and sewage systems.
3. Obtain necessary approvals and permits from local authorities.
4. Develop a detailed schedule and cost estimate for efficient project planning and management.
5. Tender the project and evaluate contractor bids to award the work.
6. Supervise the construction to ensure it meets specifications, standards and stays on schedule.
7. Inspect and test infrastructure like
The document provides an introduction to AutoCAD, including its origins and development. It discusses some of AutoCAD's key features like drawing 2D and 3D objects, editing tools, object snapping, zooming and panning. It also covers topics like units systems, paper sizes, hatching, solid modeling, and the difference between the world coordinate system and user coordinate systems. The document serves as an overview guide for learning the basics of using AutoCAD.
It is required that after the course study
you should:
Have a general concept about DT
Master Panorama DT operation
Master Panorama data analysis
Chapter 1 DT Introduction
Chapter 2 Panorama DT Introduction
Chapter 3 Panorama DT Data Analysis
Collect System Air interface data
Analyze Air interface data
Assist Export Analysis report
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide LaboratoryBahzad5
الجامعة التكنولوجية
قسم هندسة البناء والإنشاءات
فرع هندسة الطرق والجسور
مختبر الأسفلت
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية
Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
:أعداد
م.د. زينب ابراهيم قاسم
م شرف مختبر الاسفلت
University of Technology
Building and Construction
Engineering Department
Highways and Bridges Engineering Branch
Asphalt Laboratory
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT FOR WORKS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONBahzad5
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES INGENIEURS-CONSEILS
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
FOR WORKS OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
PART I GENERAL CONDITIONS
WITH FORMS OF TENDER AND AGREEMENT
FOURTH EDITION 1987
Reprinted 1988 with editorial amendments
Reprinted 1992 with further amendments
الشروط العامة لمقاولات اعمال الهندسة المدنيةBahzad5
الشروط العامة لمقاولات اعمال الهندسة المدنية ((بقسميها الاول والثاني)) المعدة من وزارة التخطيط مع اخر التعديلات عليها بغداد 2002
توزيع المكتبة القانونية - بغداد
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS Bahzad5
REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
MINISTRY OF PLANNING
LEGAL DEPARTMENT
GENERAL CONDITIONS
FOR
CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART I & II
PREPARED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE AND
APPROVED BY THE PLANNING BOARD
JUNE 1973
Dar Al-Hurriyah
Al-Jamhurriyah Press, Baghdad
The Planning Board at its fifth meeting held on 12/6/1972 approved
these conditions vide resolution No. 2 and enforced the distribution
thereof to Ministries and Public establishments to act accordingly when
announcing tenders and adhering to the application thereof in all
contracts of civil engineering works together with the observance of
accuracy in the application of the second part for these conditions as to
harmonize with the volume and nature of each contract.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
3. ٣
٢٠٠٨
AutoCAD ٢٠٠٨ instullation
2004
cd
cd-key
serial no.
cd
١
-
RUN
Start | Run | Browse
٢
-
BROWSE
look in
…
…
Select CD Drive | Select AutoCAD folder
٣
-
open
ok
Select setup file | open | ok
٤
-
…
Follow the steps
4. ٤
٥
-
setup
cdkey
serial no.
authorize
AUTODESK
cd key = W36H
serial number = 117-99703105
Authentication Code = C3DF32EA
٢٠٠٨
AutoCAD ٢٠٠٨ instullation
٢٠٠٨
٢٠٠٨
Processor Pentium III or IV (Pentium IV recommended) 800 Mhz
RAM 512 MB (recommended)
Graphics card
1024 x 768 VGA with True Color (minimum)
Open GL®-compatible 3D video card (optional)
Hard disk Installation 750 MB
Pointing device Mouse, trackball, or other device
CD-ROM Any speed (for installation only)
Optional hardware
Printer or plotter
Digitizer
5. ٥
Modem or access to an Internet connection
Network interface card
3d
٢٠٠٨
٢٠٠٨
Additional recommendations for 3D use
Hardware/SoftwareRequirement
Operating system XP Professional, Service Pack 2
®
Windows
Processor 3.0 GHz or greater
RAM 2 GB (or greater)
Graphics card 128 MB or greater, OpenGL-capable workstation-class
Hard disk 2 GB (in addition to the 750 MB required for installation)
٣١٩٠١٠٨
٠٧٧٠١٩٢١٠٨٢
Email: qasm_computer2002@yahoo.com
www.qasmcomputer.com
١
-
٢٠٠٨
٢
٢
-
ms windows
18. ١٨
x , y
3d
z
grip, snap
model
ortho
…
٦
-
DashBar
٢٠٠٨
٢٠٠٨
autodesk
…
…
٢٠٠٤
startup
…
19. ١٩
Use Wizard
Use Template
Stawrt From Scratch
Open Adrawing
Instruction
Start from scratch..
…
…
١
startup
use from scratch
٢
meteric
٣
ok
…
٤
…
Unit
٥
format
unit
Unit control
unit
decimal
unit
scincitifc
…
precision
25. ٢٥
١
-
Quick Setup
grid
snap,
unit
Drawing
limit
use a wizard
quiclk setup
-file | new | startup windows or startup | use a wizard | quick setup | ok
-Select the unit measurment (decimal) | Area (297 X 210) | Done
|
done
…
٢
-
Advanced Setup Wizard
Ok
…
next
39. ٣٩
Lock / unlock
…
Color
Name
Freez / Thaw in all view port
model
(paper)
freeze
view port
thaw
…
view port
view port
paper
modle
TILE
Model
paper
view port
freez / thaw in current view port
view port
paper
model
…
40. ٤٠
Make object’s layer current..
Color control
line type
…
line type
line type control
line type
…
Proparities
…
enter
…
41. ٤١
properaties
COLOR
LINE TYPE
LAYER
PROPERATIES
Command: ai_propchk
Select objects: 1 found
Enter
Properaties
COLOR , LINE TYPE , LAYER
OK
…
…
Scale
1:10
Start From scratch
Startup
Meteric
…
Grid , snap , ortho
Status bar
-
Tools | drawing aid
Grid =10
X, y
-
Format | uniit decimal | 0.00
-
Dimenstion | liner
-
Dimenstion | radius
-
Boarder , hidden , center line
Line type
50. ٥٠
Command: _line From point: <Snap on>
To point:
To point:
enter
…
ortho
Command: _line From point:
To point: 100
To point: 40
To point: 100
…
Command: l
LINE From point: 10,10
To point: 100,100
To point: 200,100
To point: 200,100
Command: _line From point
To point: 100<0
To point: 200<45
To point: 200<0
To point: 45<45
…
<
Command: L
To point: @100<20
To point: @100<160
@
Command: L
To point: @100,100
51. ٥١
To point: @100,50
To point: @100,-50
line
Construction
…
Command: _xline Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset/<From point>: h
H
H
…
V
Angle
Command: _xline Hor/Ver/Ang/ Bisect/Offset/<From point>: a
Reference/<Enter angle (45)>: 65
Through point: 10,10
Bisect
…
Command: _xline Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset/<From point>: b
Angle vertex point:
Angle start point:
Angle end point:
Offset
XLINE Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset/<From point>: o
Offset distance or Through <10.0000>:
Select a line object:
Side to offset?
52. ٥٢
Multiline
Command: _mline
Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = STANDARD
Justification/Scale/STyle/<From point>:
<To point>:
Undo/<To point>:
Close/Undo/<To point>:
Close/Undo/<To point>: c
from point
point
c
j
top
bottom
zero
Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = STANDARD
Justification/Scale/STyle/<From point>: j
Top/Zero/Bottom <top>: t
S
scale
…
Justification/Scale/STyle/<From point>: s
Set Mline scale <40.00>: 20
53. ٥٣
Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = STANDARD
Style
st
st
…
Multi line style
…
format
multiline style
MLSTYLE
…
MULTILINE STYLES
CURRENT
NAME
LOAD
SAVE
Add
Rename
Element properties
Multi line properties
Scale
54. ٥٤
…
…
Format | Multi line style
command
Command: MLSTYLE
١
-
name
Wall
add
٢
-
wall
current
name
٣
-
element properties
٤
-
offset=0.5
color
ltype
add
0
offset
0..2
…
٥
-
color
٦
line type
Load
ok
55. ٥٥
multi line properties
Display joint
Caps
Line
start
end
Outer arc
…
Inner arc
…
Angle
Fill
on
ok
save
wall
acad.mln
st
…
Command: ml
MLINE
Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = WALL
Justification/Scale/STyle/<From point>: st
Mstyle name (or ?): wall
56. ٥٦
Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = WALL
-
.mln
-
mlstyle
Polyline
Command: pl
From point:
Current line-width is 0.0000
Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<Endpoint of line>:
A
arc
a
…
arc
Layer
Offset =0
Joint
Outer arc
Line
Angle =90
Fill = on
58. ٥٨
E
edge
…
…
edge
Command: _polygon Number of sides <8>: 8
Edge/<Center of polygon>:
Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle (I/C) <I>: i
Radius of circle: 45
Command:
POLYGON Number of sides <8>: 8
Edge/<Center of polygon>:
Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle (I/C) <I>: c
Radius of circle: 45
Edge/<Center of polygon>: 100,100
62. ٦٢
Width for rectangles <0.0000>: 10
Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width/<First corner
<
Other corner
ARC
Command: _arc Center/<Start point>:
enter
…
Command: _arc Center/<Start point <
Center/End/<Second point>: c
Center
Angle/Length of chord/<End point>: a
Included angle: 45
C
A
45
L
Angle/Length of chord/<End point>: L
63. ٦٣
Length of chord: 82
E
arc
e
…
Command: _arc Center/<Start point>:
Center/End/<Second point>: e
End point:
Angle/Direction/Radius/<Center point>:
Circle
…
Command: _circle 3P/2P/TTR/<Center point>:
3p
First point
Second point
Third point
64. ٦٤
2p
2p
Command: _circle 3P/2P/TTR/<Center point>: 2P
First point on diameter
Second point on diameter
TTR
ttr
Command: _circle 3P/2P/TTR/<Center point>: TTR
Enter Tangent spec:
Enter second Tangent spec: Radius <48.1421>:
65. ٦٥
Ellipse
…
Command: _ellipse
Arc/Center/<Axis endpoint 1>:
Axis endpoint 2:
<Other axis distance>/Rotation:
A
A
Command: _ellipse
Arc/Center/<Axis endpoint 1>: A
>Axis endpoint 1>/Center: C
Center of ellipse
Axis endpoint
>Other axis distance>/Rotation
66. ٦٦
Parameter/<start angle <
Parameter/Included/<end angle <
C
…
R
ROTATION
<Axis endpoint 1>/Center:
Axis endpoint 2:
<Other axis distance>/Rotation: R
Rotation around major axis
Parameter/<start angle>: P
72. ٧٢
Select objects: 1 found
…
polyline
boundary
boundary
…
polyline
region
pick
point
Command: BOUNDARY
Select internal point: Selecting everything...
Selecting everything visible...
Analyzing the selected data...
73. ٧٣
Analyzing internal islands...
Select internal point:
BOUNDARY created 1 polyline
boundary
region
explode
Text
Draw | text | multi line text or single line text
draw bar
multi line text
Command: _mtext Current text style: STANDARD. Text height: 2.5
Specify first corner:
Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Rotation/Style/Width]:
multi line
text editor
bold
proprieties
properties
75. ٧٥
J
justify
Command: _dtext Justify/Style/<Start point>: J
Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR:
s
style
Command: _dtext Justify/Style/<Start point>: S
Text style
format
text style
new
ok
font name
Height font
Effect
upside down
Back ward
Vertical
77. ٧٧
measure
divide
measure
…
…
measure
draw | point | measure
b
enter
Command: measure
Select object to measure
>Segment length>/Block: b
Block name to insert: a
Align block with object? <Y> y
Segment length: 4
a
measure
divide
…
Command: divide
Select object to divide
78. ٧٨
>Number of segments>/Block: b
Block name to insert: a
Align block with object? <Y> y
Number of segments: 32
٣٢
a
3190108
009647701553374
79. ٧٩
Modify
Erase
ERASE
erase
Removes objects from a drawing
Toolbar: Modify
Menu: Modify Erase
Shortcut menu: Select the objects to erase, right-click in the
drawing area, and click Erase.
Command entry: erase
Select objects: Use an object selection method and press
ENTER when you finish selecting objects
The objects are removed from the drawing.
erase
80. ٨٠
copies
١
٢
copy
٣
٤
copy
Copies objects a specified distance in a specified direction
Toolbar: Modify
Menu: Modify Copy
Shortcut menu: Select the objects to copy, and right-click in
the drawing area. Click Copy Selection.
Command entry: copy
enter
2,3
٢
enter
Copy mode
copy mode
s
m
Multiple
81. ٨١
Enter a copy mode option [Single/Multiple] <current>: Enter s
or m
Select objects: Use an object selection method and press
ENTER when you finish
Current settings: Copy mode = current
Specify base point or
[Displacement/mode/Multiple]<Displacement>: Specify a base
point or enter an option
Mirror
mirror
modify –mirror
mirror
Creates a mirror image copy of objects
Toolbar: Modify
Menu: Modify Mirror
Command entry: mirror
Select objects: Use an object selection method and press
ENTER to finish
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify a point
Specify second point of mirror line: Specify a point
١
٢
82. ٨٢
The two specified points become the endpoints of a line about
which the selected objects are mirrored. For mirroring in 3D,
this line defines a mirroring plane perpendicular to the XY plane
of the user coordinate system (UCS) containing the mirror line.
Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: Enter y or n, or press
ENTER
Yes Places the mirrored image into the drawing and erases the
original objects.
No Places the mirrored image into the drawing and retains the
original objects.
NoteBy default, when you mirror a text object, the direction of
system variable to 1
MIRRTEXT
the text is not changed. Set the
if you do want the text to be reversed.
Offset
Offset an object to create a new object whose shape parallels
the shape of the original object
Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves
modify
Offset
modify
offset
83. ٨٣
offset
Toolbar: Modify
Menu: Modify Offset
Command entry: offset
Current settings: Erase source = current Layer = current
OFFSETGAPTYPE = current
]
Layer
/
Erase
/
Through
or [
tance
offset dis
Specify
<current>:Specify a distance, enter an
option, or press ENTER
Offset distance
Creates an object at a specified distance from an existing
object.
offset
Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo]<exit>: Select one object,
enter an option, or press ENTER to end the command
Specify point on side to offset or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <exit or
next object>: Specify a point (1) on the side of the object you
want to offset or enter an option
Exit
Exits the OFFSET command.
84. ٨٤
Multiple
multiple
Multiple
Enters the Multiple offset mode, which repeats the offset
operation using the current offset distance.
Undo
Reverses the previous offset.
Through
Through
Creates an object passing through a specified point.
Select object to offset or <exit>: Select one object or press
ENTER to end the command
NoteFor best results when you offset a polyline with corners,
specify the through point near the midpoint of a line segment,
not near a corner.
Specify through point or [Exit/Multiple/Undo]<exit or next
object>: Specify a point (1) through which you want the offset
object to pass or enter a distance
Exit
Exits the OFFSET command.
Multiple
Enters the Multiple offset mode, which repeats the offset
operation and accepts additional through points.
Undo
Reverses the previous offset.
85. ٨٥
Erase
Erase
Erases the source object after it is offset.
Erase source object after offsetting? [Yes/No]<current>: Enter
y or n
Layer
Layer
Determines whether offset objects are created on the current
layer or on the layer of the source object.
Enter layer option for offset objects
[Current/Source]<current>: Enter an option
OFFSET creates a new object whose shape parallels the shape
of a selected object. Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a
larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which side you
specify for the offset.
A highly effective drawing technique is to offset objects and
then trim or extend their ends.
86. ٨٦
2D polylines and splines are trimmed automatically when the
offset distance is larger than can otherwise be accommodated.
Closed 2D polylines that are offset to
create larger polylines result in potential gaps between
segments.The OFFSETGAPTYPE system variable controls how
these potential gaps are closed.
array
rectangular
polar
You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar
(circular) pattern called an array.
87. ٨٧
rectangular
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and
columns and the distance between each. For polar arrays, you
control the number of copies of the object and whether the
copies are rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects,
arraying is faster than copying.
Create Polar Arrays
polar
When you create a polar array, the array is drawn
counterclockwise or clockwise, depending on whether you enter
a positive or a negative value for the angle to fill.
88. ٨٨
The radius of the array is determined by the distance from the
specified center point to a reference or base point on the last
selected object. You can use the default reference point
(usually an arbitrary point that coincides with a snap point), or
you can specify a new base point to be used as the reference
point.
Array in 3D
z
, you can create a rectangular array or a polar
3DARRAY
With
array of objects in 3D. In addition to specifying the number of
columns (X direction) and rows (Y direction), you also specify
the number of levels (Z direction).
Limit the Size of Arrays
١٠٠٠٠٠
max array
maxarray
setenv “MaxArray” “n”)
N
١٠٠
If you specify a very large number of rows and columns for an
array, it may take a long time to create the copies. By default,
the number of array elements that can be generated by one
command is limited to approximately 100,000. This limit is
controlled by the MaxArray setting in the registry.
89. ٨٩
You can change the limit by setting the MaxArray system
registry variable using (setenv “MaxArray” “n”) where n is a
number between 100 and 10000000 (ten million).
MaxArray
MaxArray
NoteWhen changing the value of MaxArray, you must enter
MaxArray with the capitalization shown.
Toolbar: Modify
modify
array
array
Toolbar: Modify
Menu: Modify Array...
Command entry: array
Rectangular Array
Creates an array of rows and columns of copies of the selected
object.
Rows
mber of rows in the array.
Specifies the nu
90. ٩٠
Columns
Specifies the number of columns in the array.
Offset Distance and Direction
Provides a space for you to specify the distance and direction of
the array's offset.
Row Offset
Specifies the distance (in units) between rows. To add rows
downward, specify a negative value. To specify row spacing
with the pointing device, use the Pick Both Offsets button or the
Pick Row Offset button.
Column Offset
Specifies the distance (in units) between columns. To add
columns to the left, specify a negative value. To specify column
spacing with the pointing device, use the Pick Both Offsets
button or the Pick Column Offset button.
Angle of Array
Specifies the angle of rotation. This angle is normally 0, so the
rows and columns are orthogonal with respect to the X and Y
drawing axes of the current UCS. You can change the
. The
UNITS
measurement conventions for angles using
system variables affect the angle of
ANGDIR
and
ANGBASE
arrays.
Pick Both Offsets
Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can use the
pointing device to set the row and column spacing by specifying
two diagonal corners of a rectangle.
Pick Row Offset
Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can use the
pointing device to specify the distance between rows. ARRAY
prompts you to specify two points and uses the distance and
direction between the points to specify the value in Row Offset.
Pick Column Offset
Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can use the
pointing device to specify the distance between columns.
91. ٩١
ARRAY prompts you to specify two points and uses the distance
and direction between the points to specify the value in Column
Offset.
Pick Angle of Array
Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can specify
the angle of rotation by entering a value or using the pointing
device to specify two points. You can change the measurement
ANGDIR
and
ANGBASE
. The
UNITS
ing
conventions for angles us
system variables affect the angle of arrays.
Polar Array
Creates an array by copying the selected objects around a
specified center point.
Center Point
x
y
Specifies the center point of the polar array. Enter coordinate
values for X and Y, or choose Pick Center Point to use the
pointing device to specify the location.
Method and Values
Specifies the method and values used to position objects in the
polar array.
92. ٩٢
Method
Sets the method used to position objects. This setting controls
which of the Method and Value fields are available for specifying
values. For example, if the method is Total Number of Items &
Angle to Fill, the related fields are available for specifying
values; the Angle Between Items field is not available.
Total Number of Items
Sets the number of objects that appear in the resultant array.
The default value is 4.
Angle to Fill
Sets the size of the array by defining the included angle
between the base points of the first and last elements in the
array. A positive value specifies counterclockwise rotation. A
negative value specifies clockwise rotation. The default value is
360. A value of 0 is not permitted.
Angle Between Items
Sets the included angle between the base points of the arrayed
objects and the center of the array. Enter a positive value. The
default direction value is 90.
NoteYou can choose the Pick buttons and use the pointing
device to specify the values for Angle to Fill and Angle Between
Items.
Pick Angle to Fill
Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can define
the included angle between the base points of the first and last
93. ٩٣
elements in the array. ARRAY prompts you to select a point
relative to another point in the drawing area.
Pick Angle Between Items
Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can define
the included angle between the base points of the arrayed
objects and the center of the array. ARRAY prompts you to
select a point relative to another point in the drawing area.
Rotate Items as Copied
Rotates the items in the array, as shown in the preview area.
More/Less
More
less
Turns the display of additional options in the Array dialog box
on and off. When you choose More, additional options are
displayed, and the name of this button changes to Less.
Object Base Point
_
94. ٩٤
Set to Object's Default
Uses the default base point of the object to position the arrayed
object. To manually set the base point, clear this option.
Base Point
x
y
Sets a new X and Y base point coordinate. Choose Pick Base
Point to temporarily close the dialog box and specify a point.
After you specify a point, the Array dialog box is redisplayed.
NoteTo avoid unexpected results, set the base point manually
if you are constructing a polar array and do not want to rotate
the objects.
Select Objects
select objects
Specifies the objects used to construct the array. You can select
objects before or after the Array dialog box is displayed. To
select objects when the Array dialog box is displayed, choose
Select Objects. The dialog box temporarily closes. When you
finish selecting objects, press ENTER. The Array dialog box is
redisplayed, and the number of objects selected is shown below
the Select Objects button.
NoteIf you select multiple objects, the base point of the last
selected object is used to construct the array.
95. ٩٥
Preview Area
Shows a preview image of the array based on the current
settings in the dialog box. The preview image is dynamically
updated when you move to another field after changing a
setting.
Preview
modify
Closes the Array dialog box and displays the array in the
current drawing. Choose Modify to return to the Array dialog
box to make changes.
Move
You can move objects at a specified distance and direction from
the originals.
Use coordinates, grid snap, object snaps, and other tools to
move objects with precision.
96. ٩٦
Specify Distance with Two Points
Move an object using the distance and direction specified by a
base point followed by a second point. In this example, you
move the block representing a window. Click Modify menu
Move. Then select the object to be moved (1). Specify the base
point for the move (2) followed by a second point (3). The
object is moved the distance and direction of point 2 to point 3.
ecify Distance with Relative
Sp
Coordinates
You can move an object using a relative distance by entering
coordinate values for the first point and pressing ENTER for the
second point. The coordinate values are used as a relative
displacement rather than the location of a base point.
NoteDo not include an @ sign as you normally would for
relative coordinates, because relative coordinates are expected.
To copy objects a specified distance, you can also use direct
distance entry with Ortho mode and polar tracking. For more
Enter Direct Distances
information, see
Move
-
Use a Stretch
97. ٩٧
to move objects if all their endpoints
STRETCH
You can also use
lie entirely within the selection window. Turn on Ortho mode or
polar tracking to move the objects at a specific angle.
A practical example is moving a door in a wall. The door in the
illustration is entirely within a crossing selection, while the wall
lines are only partly within the crossing selection area.
The result is that only the endpoints that lie within the crossing
selection move.
Methods
Use Alternate
You can use grips to move and copy objects quickly. You can
also select objects and drag them to a new location; press CTRL
to make a copy. Using this method, you can drag objects
between open drawings and other applications. If you drag with
the right mouse button instead of the left, a shortcut menu is
displayed. The menu options include Move Here, Copy Here,
Paste as Block, and Cancel.
98. ٩٨
Move
modify
modify
move
-
Moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction
Toolbar: Modify
Menu: Modify Move
Shortcut menu: Select the objects to move, and right-click in
the drawing area. Click Move.
Command entry: move
Select objects: Use an object selection method and press
ENTER when you finish
Specify base point or [Displacement]<Displacement>: Specify
a base point or enter d
Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>:
Specify a point or press ENTER
The two points you specify define a vector that indicates how
far the selected objects are to be moved and in what direction.
If you press ENTER at the Specify Second Point prompt, the
first point is interpreted as a relative X,Y,Z displacement. For
example, if you specify 2,3 for the base point and press ENTER
at the next prompt, the objects move 2 units in the X direction
and 3 units in the Y direction from their current position.
Displacement
Specify displacement <last value>: Enter coordinates to
represent a vector
The coordinate values that you enter specify a relative distance
and direction.
99. ٩٩
Rotate
You can rotate objects in your drawing around a specified base
point.
To determine the angle of rotation, you can enter an angle
value, drag using the cursor, or specify a reference angle to
align to an absolute angle.
Rotate an Object by a Specified Angle
٣٦٠
Enter a rotation angle value from 0 to 360 degrees. You can
also enter values in radians, grads, or surveyor bearings.
Entering a positive angle value rotates the objects
counterclockwise or clockwise, depending on the Direction
Control setting in the Drawing Units dialog box.
Rotate an Object by Dragging
, polar,
snap
Drag the object around the base point and specify a second
point. Use Ortho mode, polar tracking, or object snaps for
greater precision.
100. ١٠٠
For example, you can rotate the plan view of a house by
selecting the objects (1),specifying a base point (2), and
specifying an angle of rotation by dragging to another point(3).
Rotate an Object to an Absolute Angle
With the Reference option, you can rotate an object to align it
to an absolute angle.
For example, to rotate the part in the illustration so the
diagonal edge rotates to 90 degrees, you select the objects to
be rotated (1, 2), specify the base point (3), and enter the
Reference option. For the reference angle, specify the two
endpoints of the diagonal line (4, 5). For the new angle, enter
90.
Rotate an Object in 3D
To rotate 3D objects, you can use either ROTATE or ROTATE3D.
With ROTATE, you can rotate objects around a specified
base point. The axis of rotation passes through the base point
and is parallel to the Z axis of the current UCS.
With ROTATE3D, you can specify the axis of rotation using
either two points; an object; the X, Y, or Z axis; or the Z
direction of the current view.