Here are 10 key responsibilities of a civil engineer from beginning to end of the construction project to ensure timely completion:
1. Conduct a site survey and soil investigation to analyze the land and soil conditions.
2. Prepare the site development plan, building layout, and infrastructure plans like roads, parking, drainage, sewage, water supply etc.
3. Develop a work schedule and cost estimate for approval.
4. Obtain necessary permits from the local authorities.
5. Supervise the foundation work, earthwork and infrastructure development.
6. Monitor the quality of materials and construction techniques.
7. Review and approve contractor's work progress and process payments.
8. Address any design or construction
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting software used by engineers to create 2D and 3D designs. It has many tools that allow users to draw various shapes and objects with precision. Users can create floor plans, sections, and elevations of buildings. Objects in AutoCAD can be edited and modified easily. The document provides an introduction and overview of basic AutoCAD tools and functions such as drawing lines, rectangles, circles, and 3D solids. It also discusses the use of different coordinate systems, editing commands, and hatching patterns.
The document provides an overview of AutoCAD and its features for 2D and 3D computer-aided design. It discusses commands for drawing basic 2D shapes like lines and rectangles. It also covers more advanced topics such as object snaps, zooming and panning, editing objects, user coordinate systems, and drawing 3D solids and applying hatch patterns. A variety of tools and techniques are presented for working efficiently in AutoCAD.
The document provides an introduction to AutoCAD, a computer-aided drafting software. It discusses that AutoCAD is commonly used for construction plans and detail drawings. It has tools that allow for quick changes to drawings if designs are modified. The document outlines topics like giving commands, zooming and panning, drawing 2D and 3D shapes, editing objects, and setting up different page sizes for drawings. It provides examples of how to draw basic objects like lines and rectangles in AutoCAD. It also discusses other tools for hatching, creating solids, using the user coordinate system, and keyboard shortcuts.
The document provides an introduction and overview of AutoCAD, a computer-aided drafting software application. It discusses key features such as drawing 2D and 3D shapes, editing objects, zooming and panning functionality, and setting up pages and scales for drawings. The document also outlines topics like object snaps, hatching objects, creating solids, using the world and user coordinate systems, and gives commands for common drawing and editing tasks in AutoCAD.
This document provides an outline and overview of the AutoCAD software. It discusses the history and development of AutoCAD since its introduction in 1982. It reviews how to use basic AutoCAD tools and commands such as zooming, panning, drawing 2D shapes like lines and circles, editing objects, setting the user coordinate system, hatching, and creating 3D objects through extrusion. The advantages of AutoCAD include industry standard file format compatibility and reduced training costs, while disadvantages include limited file formats and lack of parametric modeling capabilities.
This document provides an overview of AutoCAD and its features. It begins with a brief history of AutoCAD's development. It then outlines the basic commands and functions for drawing in 2D and 3D, including object snaps, zooming, shapes, editing, user coordinate systems, and more. It also discusses hatching, extruding, the world coordinate system, and creating a new user coordinate system. In the conclusion it notes some advantages of AutoCAD like accuracy and reduced training costs, as well as some disadvantages like limited editing options.
This document provides an outline and overview of the AutoCAD software. It begins with a brief introduction of AutoCAD and its history as a CAD software dating back to 1982. The document then covers key topics like giving commands, zooming/panning, drawing both 2D and 3D shapes, editing tools, user coordinate systems, homework assignments, advantages and disadvantages of AutoCAD, and references.
The document provides an outline and overview of an AutoCAD training presentation. It discusses the history of AutoCAD, how to use common commands like zooming and object snapping, how to draw both 2D and 3D shapes, and how to edit drawings. It also covers more advanced topics like hatching, working with the user coordinate system, and assigning homework for trainees to complete. The overall purpose is to instruct attendees on the basic and some intermediate functions of the AutoCAD software.
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting software used by engineers to create 2D and 3D designs. It has many tools that allow users to draw various shapes and objects with precision. Users can create floor plans, sections, and elevations of buildings. Objects in AutoCAD can be edited and modified easily. The document provides an introduction and overview of basic AutoCAD tools and functions such as drawing lines, rectangles, circles, and 3D solids. It also discusses the use of different coordinate systems, editing commands, and hatching patterns.
The document provides an overview of AutoCAD and its features for 2D and 3D computer-aided design. It discusses commands for drawing basic 2D shapes like lines and rectangles. It also covers more advanced topics such as object snaps, zooming and panning, editing objects, user coordinate systems, and drawing 3D solids and applying hatch patterns. A variety of tools and techniques are presented for working efficiently in AutoCAD.
The document provides an introduction to AutoCAD, a computer-aided drafting software. It discusses that AutoCAD is commonly used for construction plans and detail drawings. It has tools that allow for quick changes to drawings if designs are modified. The document outlines topics like giving commands, zooming and panning, drawing 2D and 3D shapes, editing objects, and setting up different page sizes for drawings. It provides examples of how to draw basic objects like lines and rectangles in AutoCAD. It also discusses other tools for hatching, creating solids, using the user coordinate system, and keyboard shortcuts.
The document provides an introduction and overview of AutoCAD, a computer-aided drafting software application. It discusses key features such as drawing 2D and 3D shapes, editing objects, zooming and panning functionality, and setting up pages and scales for drawings. The document also outlines topics like object snaps, hatching objects, creating solids, using the world and user coordinate systems, and gives commands for common drawing and editing tasks in AutoCAD.
This document provides an outline and overview of the AutoCAD software. It discusses the history and development of AutoCAD since its introduction in 1982. It reviews how to use basic AutoCAD tools and commands such as zooming, panning, drawing 2D shapes like lines and circles, editing objects, setting the user coordinate system, hatching, and creating 3D objects through extrusion. The advantages of AutoCAD include industry standard file format compatibility and reduced training costs, while disadvantages include limited file formats and lack of parametric modeling capabilities.
This document provides an overview of AutoCAD and its features. It begins with a brief history of AutoCAD's development. It then outlines the basic commands and functions for drawing in 2D and 3D, including object snaps, zooming, shapes, editing, user coordinate systems, and more. It also discusses hatching, extruding, the world coordinate system, and creating a new user coordinate system. In the conclusion it notes some advantages of AutoCAD like accuracy and reduced training costs, as well as some disadvantages like limited editing options.
This document provides an outline and overview of the AutoCAD software. It begins with a brief introduction of AutoCAD and its history as a CAD software dating back to 1982. The document then covers key topics like giving commands, zooming/panning, drawing both 2D and 3D shapes, editing tools, user coordinate systems, homework assignments, advantages and disadvantages of AutoCAD, and references.
The document provides an outline and overview of an AutoCAD training presentation. It discusses the history of AutoCAD, how to use common commands like zooming and object snapping, how to draw both 2D and 3D shapes, and how to edit drawings. It also covers more advanced topics like hatching, working with the user coordinate system, and assigning homework for trainees to complete. The overall purpose is to instruct attendees on the basic and some intermediate functions of the AutoCAD software.
This document provides an outline and overview of AutoCAD, a commercial 2D and 3D computer-aided design software. It discusses AutoCAD's history and development since 1982, how to use basic drawing tools and commands, editing functions, working with user and world coordinate systems, and creating solid 3D objects. The advantages of AutoCAD include compatibility with other CAD programs and reduced training costs, while disadvantages include limited file formats and non-parametric design capabilities.
This document outlines a seminar presentation on AutoCAD. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD and its history as a 2D and 3D CAD software. The document then covers various AutoCAD commands and functions for drawing 2D and 3D shapes, including lines, circles, extruding, and editing tools. It also discusses object snapping, zooming/panning, and using different coordinate systems. The document provides examples for many of the drawing functions. It concludes with advantages and disadvantages of AutoCAD, as well as references for further information.
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drawing application used for creating blue-prints for buildings, Create a bridges and computer chips. CAD is mainly used by draftsman, although engineer, surveyors and architecture, may need to use the software application.
This document provides an outline for a report on AutoCAD. It discusses the history of AutoCAD, how to use basic commands like zooming and drawing lines. It also covers how to draw different 2D and 3D shapes, perform editing functions, and use tools like hatching. The advantages of AutoCAD include its compatibility with other CAD programs and reduced training time. Disadvantages include limited file formats and lack of parametric modeling capabilities.
The document is a lab manual for computer aided drafting (CAD) that provides instructions on AutoCAD commands and exercises for students. It includes an index, objectives, student learning outcomes, syllabus, list of exercises, and descriptions of various AutoCAD commands for drawing and modifying objects. The exercises involve studying AutoCAD commands, preparing 2D drawings of residential buildings, municipal drawings, and project working drawings.
The document outlines a 10 day AutoCAD training workshop. Day 1 covers getting started with AutoCAD including the interface, coordinate systems, and basic drawing commands. Day 2 focuses on precision tools like object snaps. Day 3 is on editing objects. Day 4 covers layers and advanced objects. Day 5 discusses additional editing tools. Day 6 is about text and annotations. Day 7 is for practice. Day 8 has a test. Day 9 introduces 3D modeling basics. Day 10 covers creating solids and surfaces from 2D objects. The workshop aims to teach students how to use AutoCAD for 2D drawing and 3D modeling.
The document provides an overview of a six-week industrial training project on AutoCAD. It discusses the latest version of AutoCAD, the AutoCAD interface and screen, coordinate systems, toolbars, 2D and 3D commands, modeling, and benefits of using AutoCAD. The training was completed at Hi Tech Point Technologies and covered topics like dimensions, blocks, isometric views, and examples of drawings created during the course using various AutoCAD tools and commands.
The document presents an outline for a presentation on AutoCAD 2017. It discusses the history and latest version of AutoCAD, how to use the AutoCAD interface and coordinate system, and demonstrates various 2D and 3D commands. Examples of student projects created in AutoCAD are also included to showcase the benefits of the software for mechanical design work.
This document provides an outline for a lesson on AutoCAD. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD as 2D and 3D CAD software available since 1982. Next, it discusses AutoCAD's history and development. The outline then covers various AutoCAD commands and functions for drawing 2D and 3D shapes, editing objects, changing the user coordinate system, and assigning homework. It concludes by listing some advantages of AutoCAD like industry standard compatibility but also disadvantages like limited file formats.
This presentation provides an overview of AutoCAD 2015. It discusses the latest version, the AutoCAD screen interface, how commands are provided, and the coordinate system. Key 2D commands like chamfer, fillet, and hatching are covered as well as basic 3D modeling, commands like extrude and revolve, and examples of 3D modeling projects. The benefits of AutoCAD for quickly creating accurate designs that can be easily modified and transferred are also summarized.
Autocad designing demo for freshers.
ANY ENGINEERING GRADUATE IN MECHANICAL DISCIPLINE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AUTOCAD AND ITS USE THEN IT WILL BE HELPFUL FOR HIM/HER
This document presents an outline for a presentation on AutoCAD 2013. It will cover the introduction to AutoCAD including its history and latest version. It will demonstrate the AutoCAD screen and interface. It will explain the coordinate system and demonstrate various 2D and 3D commands. Examples of 2D and 3D modeling projects will be shown. The presentation will conclude by discussing the benefits of using AutoCAD software.
AUTO-CAD Mechanical project PPT by Bittu kumarBittu yadav
The document outlines a presentation on AutoCAD 2013. It discusses the latest version of AutoCAD, the AutoCAD screen interface, coordinate systems, 2D and 3D modeling commands, and benefits of using AutoCAD. Examples of 3D modeling, extrusions, revolves, and sweeps are provided. Project work samples in 2D and 3D are also included to demonstrate AutoCAD capabilities.
It is introductory ppt for AutoCAD and its capabilities with Proposed learning goal. Made to self teach.
video links are provided for easy clarification.
click underlined lines
Computer-aided design (CAD) involves using computer software to design and model objects. The main benefits of CAD include increased accuracy, faster design iterations, easier collaboration, and integration with computer-aided manufacturing.
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design software used widely around the world. It was first released in 1982 and has since seen 29 generations of updates. The software allows users to design in both 2D and 3D across industries like architecture, engineering, and construction. AutoCAD has various tools and commands to aid in tasks like drafting, 3D modeling, annotation, and sharing designs through tools like layouts and exporting to PDF. It also provides preset workspaces tailored for functions like 3D modeling versus 2D drafting. Users can customize settings, properties, and more to control how they design within the AutoCAD interface.
This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on AutoCAD. It discusses the latest version of AutoCAD, how the AutoCAD screen works, coordinate systems, toolbars, 2D and 3D commands, isometric views, project work done, and benefits of AutoCAD. Key points covered include the introduction and history of AutoCAD, the AutoCAD interface, how to provide commands, coordinate systems, toolbars like draw and modify, basic 2D drawings created during training, an introduction to 3D modeling and commands like extrude, and benefits like creating designs quickly and accurately.
This document provides instructions for using various commands in AutoCAD to draw geometric shapes like lines, polygons, rectangles, circles, and ellipses. It explains how to use the line, polygon, rectangle, circle, and ellipse tools on the draw toolbar to create 2D objects by specifying points and parameters like center points, radii, lengths, and angles. The document also covers topics like ortho mode, absolute and relative coordinates, and different ways of defining circles and ellipses using diameters, radii, or intersections.
The document is a presentation on AutoCAD by Anurag Singh. It provides an outline of topics to be covered including introductions to AutoCAD, the latest versions, how the AutoCAD screen works, toolbars, commands, 2D and 3D modeling and commands, and benefits of AutoCAD. It then proceeds to define each topic in further detail over several slides.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was created by the United Nations to address the issues of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The UNFCCC holds annual Conference of Parties (COP) meetings where countries discuss reducing pollution and industrialization impacts on increasing global temperatures. Important COP meetings included COP3 in 1997 in Japan and COP21 in 2015 in France which aimed to reduce global warming.
Environmental issues are caused by human activities that harm the environment. Some of the major environmental issues are climate change, ocean acidification, deforestation, global warming, and pollution. Climate change is characterized by extreme weather, melting ice, rising seas, and changes in biodiversity and air/water/soil quality. Ocean acidification damages marine life by eating away at the minerals they use to build shells and skeletons. Deforestation involves the large-scale removal of forests to clear land for human development. Global warming is primarily caused by increasing greenhouse gases and raises global temperatures. Pollution is responsible for over 9 million premature deaths annually mainly due to air pollution and diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
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This document provides an outline and overview of AutoCAD, a commercial 2D and 3D computer-aided design software. It discusses AutoCAD's history and development since 1982, how to use basic drawing tools and commands, editing functions, working with user and world coordinate systems, and creating solid 3D objects. The advantages of AutoCAD include compatibility with other CAD programs and reduced training costs, while disadvantages include limited file formats and non-parametric design capabilities.
This document outlines a seminar presentation on AutoCAD. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD and its history as a 2D and 3D CAD software. The document then covers various AutoCAD commands and functions for drawing 2D and 3D shapes, including lines, circles, extruding, and editing tools. It also discusses object snapping, zooming/panning, and using different coordinate systems. The document provides examples for many of the drawing functions. It concludes with advantages and disadvantages of AutoCAD, as well as references for further information.
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This document provides an outline for a report on AutoCAD. It discusses the history of AutoCAD, how to use basic commands like zooming and drawing lines. It also covers how to draw different 2D and 3D shapes, perform editing functions, and use tools like hatching. The advantages of AutoCAD include its compatibility with other CAD programs and reduced training time. Disadvantages include limited file formats and lack of parametric modeling capabilities.
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This document provides an outline for a lesson on AutoCAD. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD as 2D and 3D CAD software available since 1982. Next, it discusses AutoCAD's history and development. The outline then covers various AutoCAD commands and functions for drawing 2D and 3D shapes, editing objects, changing the user coordinate system, and assigning homework. It concludes by listing some advantages of AutoCAD like industry standard compatibility but also disadvantages like limited file formats.
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ANY ENGINEERING GRADUATE IN MECHANICAL DISCIPLINE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AUTOCAD AND ITS USE THEN IT WILL BE HELPFUL FOR HIM/HER
This document presents an outline for a presentation on AutoCAD 2013. It will cover the introduction to AutoCAD including its history and latest version. It will demonstrate the AutoCAD screen and interface. It will explain the coordinate system and demonstrate various 2D and 3D commands. Examples of 2D and 3D modeling projects will be shown. The presentation will conclude by discussing the benefits of using AutoCAD software.
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It is introductory ppt for AutoCAD and its capabilities with Proposed learning goal. Made to self teach.
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AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design software used widely around the world. It was first released in 1982 and has since seen 29 generations of updates. The software allows users to design in both 2D and 3D across industries like architecture, engineering, and construction. AutoCAD has various tools and commands to aid in tasks like drafting, 3D modeling, annotation, and sharing designs through tools like layouts and exporting to PDF. It also provides preset workspaces tailored for functions like 3D modeling versus 2D drafting. Users can customize settings, properties, and more to control how they design within the AutoCAD interface.
This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on AutoCAD. It discusses the latest version of AutoCAD, how the AutoCAD screen works, coordinate systems, toolbars, 2D and 3D commands, isometric views, project work done, and benefits of AutoCAD. Key points covered include the introduction and history of AutoCAD, the AutoCAD interface, how to provide commands, coordinate systems, toolbars like draw and modify, basic 2D drawings created during training, an introduction to 3D modeling and commands like extrude, and benefits like creating designs quickly and accurately.
This document provides instructions for using various commands in AutoCAD to draw geometric shapes like lines, polygons, rectangles, circles, and ellipses. It explains how to use the line, polygon, rectangle, circle, and ellipse tools on the draw toolbar to create 2D objects by specifying points and parameters like center points, radii, lengths, and angles. The document also covers topics like ortho mode, absolute and relative coordinates, and different ways of defining circles and ellipses using diameters, radii, or intersections.
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2. The computer-aided drafting program,
AutoCAD, is the most common such
program. It has many, many aids to
drawing construction plans and detail
drawings. If changes are later made in
the design, it is quick and easy to
change the drawing in AutoCAD.
a considerable amount of time and
money as compared to traditional
prototyping, as well as facilitating
communication and testing.
Drawing is the language of
engineers
3. The AutoCAD or computer aided
design machine has been a great help
to engineers and also for several
architectures that are finding it
impossible to deal with drawings and
plans of the project engineering work
and the bring on the verge of
perfection.
Autocad or commonly known as
computer aided design is a software
application for writing and design 2D
and 3D. He came on stage during the
month of December nineteen hundred
and eighty two.
4. AutoCAD is a software application for
both 2D and 3D computer-aided design
(CAD) and drafting — available since
1982 as a desktop application and since
2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based
app, currently marketed as Autocad 360.
Developed and marketed by Autodesk,
Inc., Autocad was first released in
December 1982 — having been
purchased a year prior in its original form
by Autodesk founder John Walker. The
software is currently marketed in its
eighteenth generation.
5. OUTLINE
Giving commands
Object snap
Zooming and panning
Drawing 2D shapes
Drawing 3D shapes
Editing
UCS
Assignment
Drawings are prepared in different
sizes
6. 6
Sl. No. Designation
Trimmed Size
in mm
Un Trimmed
Size (Min) in
mm
1 A0 841 x 1189 880 x 1230
2 A1 594 x 841 625 x 880
3 A2 420 x 594 450 x 625
4 A3 297 x 420 330 x 450
5 A4 210 x 297 240 x 330
6 A5 148 x 210 165 x 240
PAPER SIZE
7. How do we give a command?
Command line
Toolbars
(view/Toolbars)
Drop-down menus
You can pick any one(s) that you are comfortable with.
8. What is OSNAP?
Osnap (Object Snap) settings make it easier
to select a 2d object’s points
Endpoint
Midpoint
Perpendicular
Center
İntersection
Osnap will be active when
AutoCAD is expecting you to
pick a point on the working area
Type osnap on your
command window:
9. Zooming...
You will need to zoom in and out while drawing
with AutoCAD. This doesnt change your objects
or UCS, only the way you see your working
space. This can be done in many ways:
1. Scroll bars
2. Typing z or zoom in your command window.
All
Center
Dynamic
Extents
Previous
Scale
Window
10. Lets draw a LINE:
remember that AutoCAD recognizes an
object by its coordinates. You will need two
given points to draw a line.
You can start at a random point on your
WCS for your FIRST POINT, but you should
specify the coordinates of your SECOND
POINT.
(x1,y1,z1)
(x2,y2,z2)
11. Lets draw a LINE (1):
1. Give the command
Type “line” on the command window, OR
Click on the line icon on the Draw toolbar, OR
Select Line on the Draw menu
2. Specify the first point (a)
Click on a random point on your working area
(black space)
3. Specify the second point in relation to the
first point
@distance<degrees
@5<30
30
a
b
12. Lets draw a LINE (2):
1. Hit F8 (ortho on)
2. Give the command
3. Specify the first point
4. Specify the second point in relation to the
first point
Point the cursor to the left hand side. You will
see that the cursor snaps only to 0o
-90o
-180o
-
270o
Type 7 and hit enter
a b
7 units
13. Lets draw a LINE (3):
If we know the coordinates of the line we want
to draw, we can simply type them into the
command line. (However, this mostly is
not the case.)
1. Give the command
2. Specify the first point (4,8,11)
3. Specify the second point (5,11,23)
a
b
(4,8,11)
(5,22,13)
14. What else?
Rectangle: two diagonal lines
(pick first point, select the second one
with relation to the first. @5<-33)
Circle/Arc: center and radius
Polygon: specify the number of
edges and length of a side
A small tip: you can use the EXPLODE command for the
tool to split the object into its components or lines
a
b
a
d
d
17. Polyline (pline)
The PLINE command creates a chain line
with multiple vertexes and straight or
circular segments between the vertexes
Draw a closed shape with the pline
command:
Then type PEDIT (polyline edit) on the
command line and see what you can do
with it:
Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit
vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]:
Try Width and Spline
18. Hatching
Hatching is used to add shaded patterns to objects and
shapes within an Autocad drawing. Hatch patterns can
be used to indicate a material to be used, such as a
concrete hatch. Alternatively it could be used to make an
area of a drawing stand out.
You will pick:
Pattern
Scale
Angle
points
19. Solids contain the “mass properties” of 3D
objects.
You can use the Solids toolbar for readily
accessible objects
Box
Cylinder
Wedge
You can use the Boolean operations of
more complicated shapes.
Union (join two solids)
Subtract (carve out the second solid from the
first)
Intersection (only the common area)
Drawing SOLIDS
Torus
Cone
Sphere
20. To increase the number of faces
Tools > Options > Display tab >
21. We can create solids by extruding as well
If you “extrude” a surface into the third
dimension, you simply add a thickness in
section. This basically is same as creating a
“solid” object
Extrude 5
units 5 units
Extrude -4
units
4 units
22. UCS and WCS
The AutoCAD world is 3 dimensional. However, if we
want to draw a 2d object, such as a plan or a section,
we will use only 2 dimensions (x and y).
WCS (world coordinate system) is the imaginary plane
that is parallel to the ground. It is the default coordinate
system.
Modifications made to the World Coordinate System
(WCS) result in a User Coordinate System (UCS). It is
the plane that you work on. It enables the user to draw
3 dimensional objects.
To create a new UCS, type ucs on the command window,
then say New and specify 3 points on your new UCS
plane.
23. Keys, Keys, Keys
64) Control+R to cycle through all of your viewports
65) Control+A to select all the objects in your drawing
66) Control to cycle through objects
67) Tab to cycle through object snaps
68) Navigate through layouts with Control+PageUp and
Control+PageDown
69) Hold down right mouse button to clear grips
70) Shift for more than one hot grip
71) Arrow up and down through commands
72) Control+Tab to cycle through open drawings
73) OSNAP Tracking to find the center of a box
74) M2P or MTP to find the midpoint between two points
24. Tip #75: Embed Drawings into
PPT!
Insert menu – Object –> Autodesk DWF Viewer Control
Right click on image – Autodesk DWF Viewer Control ->Properties – Select
DWF File
DWF will only display when the Slide Show is playing
25. PLANNING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION
The first stage is preliminary stage which deals with
the interpretation and location of site. Carry out the
reconnaissance survey of the proposed site. Note
some certain features down. Get the design brief
from the owner / client for the project. Use the
design brief to design the require building. Estimate
all the costs and material quantity. The site plan is
necessary to locate the site. Streams, rivers, rocks
and other features around the site must be checked.
Ask for the survey plan. After 50% of the payment
by the owner of the project then you can start the
building.
After this, a design brief is done on the site. This will
be carried out by the designer.
Then, the materials needed for the construction is
procured.
26. DESIGN BRIEF FOR A THREE BEDROOM
BUNGALOW
A master bedroom with wc, bath and
dressing area that is very big
Madam’s bedroom with a door to the
master bedroom
Kitchen and store
2 private lounges
Dining room
Study room
Plat room
A big verandah
27. Six drawings that can be produced are
floor plan, section, elevation, roof plan,
septic and soak away details, door and
window schedule
Site planning
This is the process of creating scenery
of land for various purposes. They may
include car parks, swimming pool,
welfares, building, gardens, sheds,
stores.
We have site plan, location plan and
survey plan.
28. Working drawing
It is 2 or 3 dimensional drawing
showing all the works and duties that
will be done from the beginning of the
project to the completion stage. They
are used on site during the phase of a
building project. They include the
plan, elevation, section, bending
schedule.
29. They are drawings that have to be with
engineer at all times during a construction
project because engineers refers to these
drawings to get measurements on site.
This is called production drawing. It is
used for conveying constructional
information for the quantity surveyors
and engineers. It is the ultimate thing
unlike the presentation drawing.
31. A staircase is a set of steps or flight
leading from one floor to another.
Materials for construction includes
timber, stone and concrete
(reinforced). Each step consists of
horizontal portion or tread connected
to a front part known as riser. The
going of a step is the horizontal
distance between the faces of two
consecution risers. The rise of a step
is the vertical distance between the
tops of two consecutive treads.
32. Cantilever stair: - in these types of stair,
there is a central reinforced concrete wall
and each step cantilevers out of this wall.
The various landings are designed as
double cantilevers out of the central core
wall.
Spiral stair: - this is the most economical
in terms of space utilization and cost. It
consists of several cantilever steps jotting
out like leaves from a central circular
column. Each of the steps is designed as a
simple cantilever and it is customary to
taper the step, being wider at the free
end.
33. Free standing or scissors stair: - similar
to half-turn but with suspended half-
landing. That is, the half-landing is
supported by the two flights. This will
need to design for torsion at the two
ends of the stair.
Helical stair: - it occupies less space than
straight flight and the shape look a helix
from floor to floor. It is always a straight
flight but turning as it rises. The ends of
the stair, torsion design must be made.
34. It has been found that, for comfortable
usage, the best proportions of step are
such that:- Going + 2 x Rise =
580mm to 600mm.
The protecting structure at the sides of
the flight is referred to as balustrade
and the vertical members of the
balustrade are called balustrade while
the horizontal or slant members are
handrails. An optimum handrail height
above the line of nosing of the stair is
840mm.
35. Page set up for AUTOCAD
Drawing
Z enter
S enter
N enter
Choose your scale 1:100
P enter
36. Drawings encompass the architectural, civil,
structural, and mechanical professions, and
they are the means of conveying
diagrammatic detailed aspects of the design
components of a structure.
Architectural drawings convey the aesthetic
and functional aspects of the project and
include the fire-rated classification of the
structure, occupancy, exiting requirements,
and conformance to code of conduct.
37. Elevations: These are a pictorial view of
each façade of the building indicating
windows, doors, etc.
Building sections: A detailed sectional
view through the building is taken
usually in the project north-south and
east-west direction.
Sections and details: These are a larger-
scale dimensional detailed presentation
of pertinent construction components
and their interface connections with
other materials.
38. Civil engineering drawings indicate site
and project locations, vehicle accessibility,
topography, site drainage, and possibly
landscape requirements, although this
aspect may be performed by a licensed
landscape architect rather than the project
architect.
Structural Drawings indicate the design
loads and applicable building code criteria
and define the structural framing systems
and their supports and foundations.
39. These drawings will contain the
following:
Elevations: These show the configuration
of perimeter walls, shear walls, sizes of
trusses, or vertical bracing systems,
indicating forces in the members
together with end moments.
Sections and typical details: These are
drawn to a larger scale and dimensioned,
indicating detailed interfaces with the
surrounding materials or components.
40. General notes: These indicate the
design loading schedule which
includes weights of materials; live,
wind, and seismic loads; applicable
codes; material designations; and
instructions to the general contractor.
41. Mechanical Drawings. Mechanical
drawings designate the heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
systems; electrical distribution
requirements; fire and security
systems; sprinklers and the necessary
plumbing requirements.
These drawings generally contain the
ductwork sizes and locations and
designate required openings in the
structure for their paths.
42. Flowcharts and riser diagrams are
produced for electric conduit runs and
plumbing lines including sprinkler-piping
systems. Drawings are prepared for the
mechanical equipment rooms indicating
the selected equipment, the operating
weights of the machinery, and weights
of heavy piping which are detailed to be
hung or floor-mounted.
43. You have been appointed as the Civil
Engineer by Mr. Lawrence to
construct a building. Highlight ten out
of your copious responsibilities from
the beginning to the end of the
project that will ensure timely
completion of the project. Assuming
that the client has not appointed any
architect. (6 marks)
44. Differentiate between any FOUR
Architectural and Civil Engineering
Drawing
Working and Presentation Drawings
BEME and BOQ
Sections and Elevations
Septic tank and Soak away
(8 marks)
45. Write short but informative notes
on any THREE
AutoCAD and its command
Types of Staircase
Types of Doors and types of windows
Types of Paper size
Site Planning
(6 marks)
47. Reading and interpreting multi-storey
building (up to 2 storey) for the
purpose of construction
48. Elevations: These are a pictorial view
of each façade of the building
indicating windows, doors, etc.
Building sections: A detailed sectional
view through the building is taken
usually in the project north-south and
east-west direction.
Sections and details: These are a
larger-scale dimensional detailed
presentation of pertinent construction
components and their interface
connections with other materials.
49. Civil Engineering Drawings. Civil
engineering drawings indicate site and
project locations, vehicle accessibility,
topography, site drainage, and possibly
landscape requirements, although this
aspect may be performed by a licensed
landscape architect rather than the project
architect.
Structural Drawings indicate the
design loads and applicable building
code criteria and define the structural
framing systems and their supports and
foundations.