This document provides instructions for using various commands in AutoCAD to create different geometric shapes and perform editing functions. It begins with an introduction to AutoCAD and descriptions of the screen components. It then explains how to use commands like LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, COPY, MIRROR and ERASE to draw and modify objects. Examples are provided for each command's prompt sequence. The document aims to teach the fundamentals of using geometric drawing tools in AutoCAD.

1. I
A
PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
SUBBIMITED On
“MAINTAINANCE AND SERVICE”
In partial fulfilment
For the award of the
Diploma
In mechanical automobile engineering department
Submitted by: - Submitted to: -
AJAY SHARMA Mr. VINAY KUMAR GARG (H.O.D.)
MECHANICAL AUTOMOBILE. MECHANICAL AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT
FIRST YEAR -SECOND SEMESTER
MA20200002/023.
. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
. BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION RAJASTHAN
JULY 2021

2. II

3. III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my profound gratitude to our H.O.D and all the faculty members of the Mechanical
Automobile Department for takingpains to guide me in the preparation of this project report. It is
a previlege to express my heartist thanks to all members of MSME TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
BHIWADI. fortheir valueable suggestions and constructive criticism waslike a bacon light and
becomes a source of inspiration during my preparation of this project report.
:- AJAY SHARMA MA2020002/023

4. IV
PREFACE
CAD/CAM is a term which means Computer Aided Design & ComputerAided Manufacturing. It
is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform certain functions in
design and production. Electronics brains in the form of microprocessors are parts of cars we
drive, the planes in which we fly, the televisions we watch and the automated tools we use to
produce such products. The Computer Aided Design or CAD systems are used to design such
products.
The CAD hardware typically includes computer, one or moregraphics display terminals,
keywords and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the computer programs
to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of these application
programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamics response of mechanisms, heat
transfer calculations and customers markers are different.
These factors give rise to differences in CAD systems requirements.
Ultimately CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of
the future.

5. V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE Ⅰ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ⅱ
PREFACE Ⅲ-Ⅳ
CONTENTS Ⅴ
LIST OF FIGURES Ⅵ
SR.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. AUTO CAD INTRODUCTION 1
2. AUTO CAD SCREEN 2
3. SCREEN COMPONENTS 3-5
4. COMMANDS 6-21
4.1 EXERCISE 1-10 22-26
5. 3D MODELING TOOLBARS 27-28
5.1 3D MODELS 29
5.2 EXERCISE 1-5 30-31
6. CONCLUSION 32
7. REFRENCES 33
LIST OF FIGURE

6. VI
SR NO. FIGURES PAGE NO.
1. AUTO CAD SCREEN 2
2. COMMAND WINDOW 3
3. APPLICATION STATUS BAR 3
4. DRAW TOOLBAR 6
5. OPTION OF MENU BAR 8
6. MODIFY TOOL BAR 10
7. RECTANGULAR ARRAY IN ARRAY DIALOG BOX 13
8. POLAR ARRAY IN ARRAY DIALOG BOX 16

7. 1
1. AutoCAD
AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc., is the most popular PC – CAD system available in the
market. This design package is a general purposecomputer aided design and drafting application
for your computer. The speed and ease with which a drawing can be prepared and
modifiedusing a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand preparation.
Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being
used today:-
 Architectural drawings of all kinds.
 Interior designs on facility planning.
 Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives and
Aerospace engineering applications.
 Theatre set lighting designs.
 Line drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing.
Some other CAD packages developed by the same company are:-
 Auto Shade
 Auto Flix
 Auto Ketch
 Animator
 3D Studio

8. 2
2.AutoCAD Screen
Various components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command window, menu
bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar (Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD
symbol and the current drawing name is displayed on top of the screen.
Figure 1 AutoCAD Screen

9. 3
3.SCREEN COMPONENTS
Drawing Area
The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and
use the commands. To draw the objects, we need todefine the coordinate points, which can be
selected by using our pointingdevice
Command Window
Figure 2 Command Window
The command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we can
enter the commands. It also displays thesubsequent prompt sequences and the messages. We can
change the size of the window by placing the cursor on the top edge and then dragging it
Application Status Bar
Figure 3 Application Status Bar
The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). Itcontains some useful
information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD
functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them.

10. 4
 Coordinates
The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select
this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable
controls the type of display of coordinates.

 Snap Mode
The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap
Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is not displayed.
 Grid Display
The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the
Grid Display button is chosen, the grid lines are displayed on the screen.
 Ortho Mode
If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at right angles only.
 Polar Tracking
If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as
the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on.
Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode.
Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS
Choosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS
ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the
model.

11. 5
 Dynamic Input
The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates
the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts andthe dimensional inputs will
now be displayed in the drawing area and we do not need to look at the command prompt all the
time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user.
 Show/Hide Line weight
Choosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of line weights in
the drawing.
 Model
The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model spaceto create
drawings.
 Annotation Scale
The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space.
The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that displays all theannotation scales available
for the current drawing.
 Annotation Visibility
This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not support the
current annotation scale in drawing area.
 Automatically Add Scale
This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the
annotative objects present in the drawing
.

12. 6
4.COMMANDS
LINE
Line command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each line segment is a
separate object. We can invoke the LINE command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4
Figure 4 Draw Toolbar
We can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command prompt. Once
you have invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the Specify first point, requires us to
specify the starting point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the
second point at the Specify next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or
terminate the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt
sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows:
Command: LINE > Enter
Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point.
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter.(Press
ENTER to exit LINE command.)

13. 7
XLINE
The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines. These lines are the
lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually drafting.
An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is
infinite in length, it does not have any end points. The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE
command is as follows:
Command: XLINE > EnterSpecify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or
select a point through which the xline will pass.
PLINE
The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has different features.
The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and LINE. POLY means “many”.
This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are listed next.
Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can beused to draw
any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut.
Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type.
Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDITcommand).
The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows:Command:
PLINE < Enter
Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates.
Current line width is nn.nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the width of the polyline
drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the Width option at the next prompt and set it. Next the
following prompt is displayed.
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or enter an option

14. 8
POLYGON
A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies
from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided
polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A
polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices
touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary
circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle. We can easily choose one option from these
two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking
POLYGON command is given next.
Command: POLYGON < Enter
Enter number of sides <4>: Enter a value between 3 and 1024.
Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates.
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C.
Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the
polygon.
RECTANG
The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD. We can draw rectangles
by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area and the size of one
of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking
RECTANG command is as follows:
Command: RECTANG < Enter
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify first corner
point or enter its coordinates.

15. 9
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite corner point or
enter its coordinates.
ARC
An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARCcommand.
AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options, click on
Draw option in the Menu Bar, a fly out option will appear asshown in fig. 5
The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt forinvoking
ARC command is as follows:
Command: ARC < Enter
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter itscoordinates.
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specify the through point for arc orenter its
coordinates.
Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates

16. 10
CIRCLE
The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to draw
a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a
flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6
Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle
The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The otheroptions can
be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method stated
earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next.
Command: CIRCLE < Enter
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center point or enter its
coordinates.
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius.

17. 11
ELLIPSE
If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in
AutoCAD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by two different options and
these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig.7
Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse
The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option. The Other options
can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by method stated
above. The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next.
Command: ELLIPSE < Enter
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end point or choose
an option.

18. 12
Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates.
Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of secondaxis.
ERASE
After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase, we
can use ERASE command in AutoCAD. This command is used exactly the same way as an
eraser is used in manual drafting to delete unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE
command from the Modify toolbar
Figure 8 Modify Toolbar
When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the screen
cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object.
AutoCAD confirms the selection by changing the selectedobjects into dashed lines and the select
objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate
object selection and erase the selected objects. The prompt sequence is given next.
Command: ERASE < Enter Select
objects: Select first object.
Select objects: Select second object.
Select objects: Enter
COPY
The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the
selected objects and places them at specified locations, but theorignals are left intact. In this
command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify the
second point, this point is where we

19. 13
want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt sequence that is followed whenyou invoke
COPY command is given next.
Command: COPY < Enter
Select objects: Select objects to copy.
Select objects: Enter
Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] <Displacement>: Specify base point.
Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: Specify a new positionon the screen
using pointing device or entering coordinates.
Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Enter
MIRROR
The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be
mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing symmetrical figures. This command
is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as well. When
we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line.
After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point of
mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about which
objects are reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by specifying points on screen
or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt
sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next.
Command: MIRROR < Enter
Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored.
Select objects: Enter
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint.

20. 14
Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint.
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining theobjects.
OFFSET
To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET
command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one. Remember
that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time tobe offset. While offsetting an object,
we can specify the offset distance and the sideto offset, or we can specify a distance through
which you want to offset the selected object. The prompt sequence which follows when we
invoke OFFSET command using command window is given next.
Command: OFFSET < Enter
Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <Through>: Specify the offset distance.
{
Through Option
Using this option we do not need to specify a distance; we simply specify an offsetpoint and the
distance between them is stored as offset distance.
Erase Option
The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted or not.
Layer Option
Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the current layer or the
layer of source object.
Specify the object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Specify the object to offset.
Specify point on side to offset or <Exit/Multiple/Undo>: Specify a point on side to offset.
Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Select another object to offset or press Ente

21. 15
ARRAY
An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and arranging
them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some drawings, we may need to specify an object
multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw
six chairs around a table. This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately or by
using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a very tedious process
and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we
need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five will be created and automatically
arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This method is more efficient and less
time-consuming.
ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by
making use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option of Menu Bar.
RECTANGULAR ARRAY
A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y
directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting the
Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box (fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY
comand.
ROWS
This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array.
COLUMNS
This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array.

22. 16
Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box
Offset distance and direction Area
The options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows andthe columns
and the angle of array.
Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can either
enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the row
offset distance by specifying two points on screen.
Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can
either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to
define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen.
Angle of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value by
which the rows and columns will be rotated.

23. 17
POLAR ARRAY
A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind of
array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that
appears on invoking ARRAY command.
CENTER POINT
Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box
The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selecteditems will be
arranged. It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the
items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y edit
boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from
the screen using Pick Center Point button.
Method and values Area
The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the method that will be
employed to create the polar array.
Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the polararray.These
three methods are discussed next.

24. 18
Total number of items & Angle to fill. This method is used to create a polar array
specifying number of items in array an the total included angle between the first and the last
item. The number of items and the angle to be filled can be specified in the Total number of
items and Angle to fill edit boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by
choosing Angle to fill button provided.
Total number of items & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to
create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in the array andthe included angle
between two adjacent items. The angle between items is also called as incremental angle. The
number items and the angle between the items canbe specified in the Total number of items and
Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle between items on
the screen by choosing Angle between items button.
Angle to fill & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to specifyangle
between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the number of items is not specified, but is
automatically calculated using the total angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and
the angle between the items can be entered in their respective boxes.
MOVE
Sometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we can
use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from their
current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not change their
size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved
and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be picked and
moved.
ROTATE
Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position.the. In these situations, we can
use the ROTATE command. This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from their
current location to a specific angle. This change of of the objects does not change their size. On
invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point. This
base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotates

25. 19
SCALE
With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object ora sketch.
Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this
situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more
objects from the selected base point. On invoking this command we are prompted to select
objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the
object will be scaled.
STRETCH
With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of any
object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we required.
Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the
sketched object. So in this situation,we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows
you to stretch the objects from the selected base point. On invoking this command we are
prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window and the base point.
This base point is the reference point with which the object will be stretched
TRIM
With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this command,
the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our
specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On
invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left
click on the portion to be trimmed

26. 20
EXTEND
With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the specific point or
location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra
drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to
right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend.
BREAKATA POINT
With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we required. In this
command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number of
break points as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the line and
after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this
command the line or anyselected entity will be converted into numbers.
BREAK
With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or upto a specific
point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point on the line
and after that click on that point upto where we want to break the line. After using this command
on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the line or
entity.
JOIN
With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On
invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the
same plane and then right click. After using this command, there will be no space between the
lines or entities.

27. 21
CHAMFER
This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to
press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE
and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer.
FILLET
This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to
press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on
which we want to create the radius.
REGION
This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this
command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command, we have to
select all lines and then right click.
EXPLODE
This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this
command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click.

28. 22
EXERCISE NO 1:-
EXERCISE NO 2:-

29. 23
EXERCISE NO 3:-
EXERCISE NO 4:-

30. 24
EXERCISE NO 5:-
EXERCISE NO 6:-

31. 25
EXERCISE NO 7:-
EXERCISE NO 8:-

32. 26
EXERCISE NO 9:-
EXERCISE NO.10

33. 27
5. 3D MODELING TOOLBARS
 MODELING
 ORBIT

34. 28
 SOLID EDITING
 UCS
 VIEW
 VISUAL STYLES

35. 29
EXERCISE NO 1:-
3D MODELS
EXERCISE NO 2:-

36. 30
EXERCISE NO 3:-
EXERCISE NO 4:-

37. 31
EXERCISE NO 5:-

38. 32
CONCLUSION
The use of the import function in Auto CAD definitely has some advantages. It can help to reduce
the time it takes to produce the drawings needed in the work environment. However if the
individual that has created the imported file does not receive credit for their work, problems may
arise in the future. As well, by using the function people may slowly start to place a lesser value on
the intellectual property of others, which will undoubtedly create future conflict. The use of the
import function may also be relied on heavily in order to create efficiencies within the
industry. This could possibly lead to a decrease in the rate of innovation. It's obvious that the
import function has a place in the building industry, but its use will have to be regulated in order to
create a balance between the negative and the positive effects it creates.

39. 33
REFRENCES:-
[1] Association For Computer Machhttp://architectural-design.outsourcing-services-
india.com/civil-engineering-design.phpinery, "Code of Ethics", [On-line document], 1992 October,
[cited 2008 Oct.12],
Available http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics
[2] Craig Summers and Eric Markusen, "Why Good People Do Bad Things: The Case of
Collective Violence", [On-line document], [2005 November]
[cited 2008 Oct.12]
Available http://campus.udayton.edu/~richards/Computer%20essays/why%20good%20people%20
do%20....htm
[3] Craig Summers and Eric Markusen, "Why Good People Do Bad Things: The Case of
Collective Violence", [On-line document], [2005 November]
[cited 2008 Oct.12]
Available http://campus.udayton.edu/~richards/Computer%20essays/why%20good%20people%20
do%20....htm