The document discusses the development of Filipino psychological knowledge through the use of the Filipino language. It covers topics such as using Filipino to identify indigenous concepts, developing technical terminology in Filipino psychology through various translation methods, approaches to indigenous research, and traditional Filipino culture and indigenous theories of personality. The overall goal of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the indigenization, science, and promotion of Filipino identity in psychology.

1. Filipino psychological knowledge
◼ Filipino Language
use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering
indigenous concepts
e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the
wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical
concept of “essence”

2. Filipino Language
“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and
does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a
heuristic device, a discovery procedure…
returning to the ‘deep structure’ of the
language… Enriquez worked in an area
where Filipinos are most adept, where the
language has a rich vocabulary of feeling
and sentiment.”
Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of
readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Quezon City.

3. Language, a Heuristic Tool
◼ Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis,
Semantics, Introspection
Language provided the instrument to refine
the tools of research so as to discover
categories and subcategories which would
be lost to a Western English-speaking
researcher…

4. Filipino, the Philippine lingua franca
The issue of national language has long
been resolved by the Filipino masses
through their use and propagation of a
language based on the Manila lingua franca,
Manila being the seat of government, the
business hub, melting pot, center of history.
Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial
politics and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.

5. Language & Knowledge
◼ System of communication
summing-up our lived experiences
◼ Social interaction
expressing our thoughts and feelings
◼ Spoken language
from bodily gestures to linguistic acts
specialized speech apparatus
primary medium of communication

6. Thinking & Language
◼ Interdependence of knowledge & language,
i.e. the thinking process cannot work
independently of language
◼ Language is not a neutral system of signs
nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the
values, perspectives, and rules of cognition
of a particular class or society

7. Language, history, and
socio-economic-cultural life
◼ Specific historical features and socio-
economic-cultural conditions shape the
thinking and language of a people, giving
distinctive meanings and value judgments
to their words.
◼ Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the
innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of
a people bound by a common historical
heritage and a specific socio-economic-
cultural environment.

8. Psychological concepts and
human behavior
◼ The formation of psychological concepts is
the more important stage in the entire
process of understanding human behavior.
◼ These concepts lay the foundation for the
formation of indigenous psychological
theories and models of analysis that
correspond more fully to the realities of the
life and culture of a society.

9. Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
◼ System of affixation in the Filipino language
a resource for terminology development
◼ The meaning changes because of the use of
affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes)
paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

10. Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
◼ Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
perception (L) persepsyon
psicologia (S) sikolohiya
◼ Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)
reinforcement - reimporsment
◼ Grammatical translation
(saling-panggramatika)
social interaction – interaksyong sosyal

11. Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
◼ Loan translation (saling-hiram)
defense mechanism
mekanismong pananggalang
◼ Word invention (salitang likha)
masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos
◼ Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)
STM short term memory
PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao

12. Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
◼ Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)
relationship = pakikisalamuha
◼ Indigenous-concept oriented translation
(salitang taal)
kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao
◼ Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib)
mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay

13. Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
◼ Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)
home for the aged
◼ Superficial assimilation
(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)
reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’
◼ Labeling (pagbibinyag)
utang-na-loob - reciprocity
hiya - shame
pakikisama - comradeship

14. Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
◼ Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)
paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)
◼ Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)
gunita – recall, alaala – memory
personality is personalidad not pagkatao
◼ Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)
saling-pusa (informal member)
pagka-pikon (to be peeved)

15. The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
◼ pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)
◼ pagka-agham (science)
◼ pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)
Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu,
pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

16. The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
◼ development of indigenous psychological
concepts
◼ utilization of indigenous research methods
◼ creation of authentic and appropriate social
scientific psychology
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

17. Research Approaches
◼ Experimental - adherence to predetermined
set of procedures
◼ Survey – conform to an informal agreement
with respondents
◼ Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as
they arise
◼ Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as
one-with-the-other

18. Indigenous Research
◼ Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the
modern and the traditional i.e. using
scientific methods and ensuring that they
are culturally appropriate.
◼ Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows
concepts from both the modern and
traditional cultural systems.

19. Approaches in the development &
utilization of indigenous viewpoints
◼ Indigenization from within
basis: the indigenous
direction: outwards
culture-as-source
◼ Indigenization from without
basis: the exogenous
direction: inwards
culture-as-target

20. Indigenization from without
◼ Content indigenization
translation of imported materials
◼ Theoretic indigenization
◼ Indigenization as strategy
◼ Culture assimilation
indigenous versions of imported systems

21. Indigenization from within
◼ Identification of indigenous concepts,
methods, theories
◼ Semantic elaboration
◼ Indigenous codification re-codification
◼ Systematization/explication of implied
theoretical frameworks
◼ Application/use

22. Using the culture as source
◼ Indigenization from within
necessarily implies the need for cultural
revalidation
a demand for concepts and methods which
are culturally appropriate, scientifically valid

23. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Language
ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual people
◼ Leisure
laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko)
◼ Cuisine
adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-halo
◼ Law

24. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Religion
belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)
respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature)
reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, ninuno)

25. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Religion
underscores the importance of establishing
close interpersonal relations with one’s
family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa)
highly-developed sense of values: courage,
cleanliness, courtesy, control and the family

26. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Religion
indigenous morality: profound concept of
pagkamakatao
babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)
rituals and symbols for good (benevolent
diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang)

27. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost
bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata),
burial grounds in Sagada
◼ Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita
Foreign words subsumed in the structure
of the Filipino language

28. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros
(B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C),
Sudi Amor (I)
◼ Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado
◼ Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr.
Tagalog movies shown in theaters from
Batanes to Jolo

29. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Medicine
lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have
gone semantic transformation- result of
massive promotion during the Marcos’
Green Revolution project
herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot,
concepts attributing illness to displaced
organs that have to be massaged back into
its correct position

30. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu
Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng
Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay
(S); Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi
Artists of Maguindanao
◼ Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman),
mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), anting-
anting (amulet); bulong (whisper); sapi
(spirit possession)

31. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Methods: doing diagnosis
psychodiagnostician determine culturally-
defined cause of affliction through patawas,
pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, pamulso.
beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.

32. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Meanings:
Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous
medical practice, it means compatibility of
the treatment and medicine with the
individual.
Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is
perceived as ‘food for the sick’

33. Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
◼ Genetic diversity of indigenous plants
e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured
through centuries by indigenous people
◼ Herbal knowledge
e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves:
bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango,
pandan – use to detoxify the body.

34. Philippine cultural studies
◼ Perspectival and Interpretive Models
absolutist position - assumes the basic
congruence of psychological phenomena
across humankind
relativist position – assumes differences
across cultures, if not the uniqueness of
each one

35. Philippine cultural studies
pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the
utility of an alien frame of reference
pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), assumes
the absolutist indigenous perspective
universalist position implied by the kapwa
and cross indigenous orientation of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino

36. Philippine cultural studies
◼ Universalist position
assumes that basic psychological processes
are likely to be common features of human
life everywhere, yet their manifestations are
likely to be influenced by culture

37. Philippine cultural studies
◼ Emic approach (phonemic)
the need to understand a culture from its
own perspective (using natural taxonomies)
◼ Etic approach (phonetic)
the discovery of psychological universal

38. Filipino intellectual tradition
◼ Philosophical traditions and paradigms of
science as neither Eastern nor Western
◼ The West does not have a monopoly of
scientific standards, in fact science evolved
from Eastern intellectual traditions
◼ Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram,
si Pilosopong Tasyo

39. Filipino intellectual tradition
◼ Filipino philosophy of science incorporates
the demands of empirical validation from
reliability and validity to affirmability and
authenticity.
◼ Levels of validity & scientific standards
katatagan (replicability, reliability)
katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
patibay (certification)
patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
patunay (authenticity)

40. Filipino indigenous theories
◼ Filipino concepts and models of personality
The five elements of the Ma’aram concept
of pagkatawo (personhood):
ginhawa (vital principle)
buot (perception)
isip (mind)
dungan (sleep spirit)
kalag (life spirit)

41. Filipino indigenous theories
◼ Filipino concepts and models of personality
Three elements in Baltazar’s model:
bait (sanity)
muni (reflection)
hatol (judgment)

42. Filipino indigenous theories
◼ Filipino concepts and models of personality
The four elements in Covar’s concept of
Filipino personhood:
kaluluwa (spirit)
budhi (conscience)
katauhang panlabas, external appearance
katauhang panloob (innermost being)

43. Filipino indigenous theories
◼ Filipino social interaction theory
Levels and modes of social interaction
rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which
have been identified using ethnoscientific
field methods.
◼ Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social
psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting,
dealing with the other person as an equal.

44. Filipino indigenous concepts
◼ Filipino concept of justice
Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos
use a common word for justice, katarungan,
derived from the Visayan root tarong means
straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and
for right, we use karapatan, whose root is
dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct
i.e. justice is related to right
Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila