Visual acuity charts is an eye sight test charts.It is a clinical examination charts used by orthoptists, optometrists and ophthalmologists to determine a patient’s visual acuity (Near & Distance). A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen. Snellen chart used for visual testing. Uses, Vision testing. Landolt C · Lea test · logMAR chart ...

1. Common Charts of
Visual Acuity Record
Md.Azizul Islam
Associate Optometrist (Oculoplasty Dept:)
Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute & Hospital

2. Aims of today,s topic
Will be able….
 To Know about visual acuity
• To Know various type of visual acuity charts
• Use of Visual acuity charts
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3. Visual Acuity
The resolving power of the eye used to assess and
quantify the eye’s ability to resolve varying letter
sizes.
Visual acuity is dependent on:
 The refractive error of the eye
 The health and the integrity of the eye
 The test targets used
 The test conditions
Vision test types are invented in 1843 by the
German ophthalmologist Heinrich Kuechler
(1811–1873), in Darmstadt, Germany.
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4. A common cause of low visual acuity is refractive error
(ametropia), or errors in how the light is refracted in the
eyeball.
Causes of refractive errors include aberrations in the
shape of the eyeball, the shape of the cornea, and reduced
flexibility of the lens.
Too high or too low refractive error (in relation to the
length of the eyeball) is the cause of nearsightedness
(myopia) or farsightedness (hyperopia) (normal refractive
status is referred to as emmetropia).
Other optical causes are astigmatism or more complex
corneal irregularities.
Visual Acuity
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5. Standard Visual Acuity Test
 Distance visual acuity (DVA)
 20ft or 6M is equivalent to optical infinity
 Near visual acuity (NVA)
 40cm
 The measurement of VA is done to monitor change in
vision with disease progression of disease and/or
treatment plan
 Visual acuity must be measured on every patient at
every visit!
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6. Visual acuity charts is an eye sight test charts.It is a
clinical examination charts used by orthoptists,
optometrists and ophthalmologists to determine a
patient’s visual acuity (Near & Distance). The aim is to
improve current unaided vision or vision with current
glasses.
The classic example of an eye chart is the Snellen eye
chart, developed by Dutch eye doctor Hermann Snellen
in the 1860s. There are many variations of the Snellen
eye chart, but in general they show 11 rows of capital
letters. The top row contains one letter (usually the "big
E," but other letters can be used). The other rows
contain letters that are progressively smaller.
Visual acuity charts
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7. Snellen Eye Test Charts
Snellen equivalent
 If the test distance is not 6M or 20ft, the measured
Snellen fraction may be used to predict what the
patient’s VA would be for a 6M or 20ft distance
Example
 Patient can resolve a 30ft letter at a test distance of
15ft. The Snellen acuity is 15/30.
15/30 =20/x
x = 40
The Snellen equivalent is 20/40
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8. Common visual acuity charts
Distance visual acuity test chart –
Snellen’s distance acuity chart
LogMAR chart
Bailey Lovie SOLAN letter chart .
Bailey Lovie thumbling “E “chart .
LVRC Landolt ring “C” chart .
Lea Symbols Chart .
 Chronister Pocket Acuity Chart
Berkeley Rudimentary Vision Test (BRVT).
Fein Bloom Chart .
Lea Greating Chart .
Cardiff Chart .
Lea Paddle Chart
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9. Common visual acuity charts
Near Vision Acuity Charts:
Types of notation
 Reduced Snellen Acuity card
 Test distance at 16in (or 40cm)
Jaeger Acuity Card
 20 letter sizes classified J1 to J20
 Test distance at 14in
Point system
 Each point is 0.35mm
M notation
 Based on meter unit
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10.  Landolt Rings (Landolt ‘C’) Charts
Numbers Charts
Tumbling E Charts
 Letters (snellen) Charts
Optokinetic nystagmus test Charts
Cardiff acuity test (0-1year) test Charts
 Keeller Acuity Card Charts
KAY picture Test Chart
Assessment in Children
Visual Acuity Charts
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11. Snellen’s Acuity Chart
In 1862 Herman Snellen, a
Dutch ophthalmologist,
publishes in Utrecht his
"Optotype vision
determination the first
visual chart based on
"Optotypes", advocating the
need for standardized
vision tests.
Snellen's Optotypes are
not identical to the test
letters used today. They
were printed in an
'Egyptian Paragon' font (i.e.
using serifs) IIEI&H

12. LogMAR Charts
 In 1982 Rick Ferris et al. of the
National Eye Institute chooses the
LogMAR chart layout, implemented
with Sloan letters, to establish a
standardized method of visual
acuity measurement for the Early
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Study (ETDRS).
 Log MAR means Logarithm of the
Minimum Angle of Resolution .
 Log MAR is used to measured for
testing or recording individually
visual acuity .
 The chart was designed by Ian
Bailey and jan E lovie-kitchin at the
National Vision Research Institute
of Australia in 1916. the chart
production was done by light house.
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13. Tumbling E Charts
 In 1978 Hugh
Taylor uses
these design
principles for
a "Tumbling E
Chart" for
illiterates,
later used to
study the
visual acuity
of Australian
Aborigines.
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14. Landolt Rings (Landolt ‘C’) Charts
 In 1888 Edmund
Landolt introduces
the broken ring,
now known as the
Landolt ring,
which later
becomes an
international
standard.
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15. Smart Visual Acuity charts
 In The modern era (19th 20th )Century Smart charts
with random display function 1% Contrast sensitivity
adjustment for most of the charts . Adaptable to
smaller rooms with precise adjustment of distance
Visual acuity charts are available(desk top monitor,
tablets ,TV Screen or Smartphone apps). Such as…
 Auro Vision charts
 Cyber chart m20 Vision charts
 ComLog vision Charts
 Where all types of visual acuity charts are include
various type of Language .Those charts commands
with potable or non-protable Remot system. e.g
Snellen’s, LogMAR, Landolt ‘C’, Tumbling E, KAY
picture Test , Numbers Charts etc.
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16. Distance visual acuity (DVA)
20ft or 6M is equivalent to optical infinity
The measurement of VA is done to monitor change in
vision with disease progression of disease and/or
treatment plan
Visual acuity must be measured on every patient at
every visit!
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17. The Kay Picture Test books
are all designed to make testing
young children a fun, quick and
easy process. • Can be used
quickly, easily and accurately
from as young as 18 months
 All the acuity sizes are
together in one book and there
is a choice of three or four
pictures at each acuity size.
This variety keeps a child
interested during the test and
allows a different selection to
be shown when testing each eye
in turn.
KAY Picture Charts
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18. The first version of the LEA
test was developed in 1976 by
Finnish pediatric
ophthalmologist Lea
Hyvärinen, MD, PhD.
The LEA Vision Test System
is a series of pediatric vision
tests designed specifically for
children who do not know
how to read the letters of the
alphabet that are typically
used in eye charts.
LEA Picture Charts
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19.  These cards are printed with
a circular patch to avoid
identification of the grating
by its edge •
 They also have an ‘empty’
circle printed on the other
side: this leads to a different
visual response whereby the
infant may look from one
circle to the other before a
definite fixation preference is
made .
KEELER Acuity Charts/CARDS
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20. This test is similar
to Sheridan-
Gardiner but uses
only four letters •
This test consists
of a wall chart
composed only of
Hs, Os, Ts, and Vs.
The child is
provided a board
containing a large
H, O, T, and V.
HOTV Charts
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21.  Each Cardiff card
presents a line drawing
of the object • The
picture is formed by a
line that consists of a
central white line with
finer black flanking
lines on either side.
The luminance
averaged across the
black-white-black line
matches the luminance
of grey background
CARDIFF Acuity Charts
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22. • It is was introduced by
Snellen.It is a photographic
reduction of Snellen’s
distant chart.
Uses :-
Mainly used for visual
acuity.
Also used to measure the
near point of
accommodation.
Record near vision @ 33 cm
to 40cm, N6 is normal vision
@ near.
NEAR VISION CHART
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23. A person's visual acuity is registered documenting the
following: whether the test was for distant or near vision.
were used: Distance from the chart
D (distant) for the evaluation done at 20 feet (6.1 m).
N (near) for the evaluation done at 15.7 inches (40 cm).
Eye Evaluated :
OD (Latin oculus dexter) for the right eye.
OS (Latin oculus sinister) for the left eye.
OU (Latin oculi uterque) for both eyes.
Usage of spectacles during the test
cc (Latin cum correctore) with correctors.
sc: (Latin sine correctore) without correctors.
N.B: 6/6 or 20/20 is normal Distance Visual Acuity.
N6 is normal vision @ near( 33 to 40 cm)
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Eye Evaluated

24. References
Khurana. (2008). Theory and Practice of Optics
and Refraction (2nd ed.)
Clinical Procedures in Optometry
A Hand Book of Basic Optometry & Refraction
http://medical-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com.
Picture : Me + Internet (Google)
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