A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.

1. VACCINE PRODUCTION
AZEEM ASLAM
BS BIOCHEMISTRY
LAHORE GARRISON UNIVERSITY

2. WHAT IS A VACCINE?
3/15/2019
• The firstvaccine was introduced by British
physician Edward Jenner,who in 1796
used the cowpox virus (vaccinia) to confer
protection againstsmallpox.
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particulardisease.
• Vaccine, suspensionof weakened, killed, or
fragmented microorganisms or toxins or
of antibodies or lymphocytes that is
administered primarily to preventdisease
Vaccine
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3. VACCINATION
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• Vaccination is the administration of a
vaccine to help the immune system develop
protection from a disease.
• Vaccination is the use ofvaccines to
prevent specificdiseases.
• A child gettingPolio Vaccine.
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4. Types of
Vaccine
s
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• AttenuatedVaccine
• Inactivated Vaccine
• Molecular Vaccine
• Subunit Vaccine
• Conjugate Vaccine
• Recombinant Vaccine

5.  Inactivated Vaccines
These vaccines consist of microorganisms that have lost the ability to
cause serious illness but retain the ability to stimulate immunity. e.g. Hepatitis
 Weakened Vaccines
Inactivated vaccines are those that contain organisms that have been
killed or inactivated with chemicals or heat. Vaccines against rabies, polio and
influenza are of this type.
 Subunit Vaccines
These are made from proteins found on the surface of infectious
agents. Vaccines for influenza and hepatitis B are of thistype.
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6.  Conjugate Vaccines
Subunit of two antigens covalently linked with each otheromake one vaccine.
E.g.HiB (Hemophillus Influenza Type B)
 Recombinant Vaccines
Genome of a first antigen is incorporated in second antigen which act as a vector. E.g.
Hepatitis B virus Vaccine is prepared by incorporating antigen of S.cerevisae into E.coli.
 MolecularVaccine
Gene responsible for pathogenicity cut and directly inject to the
host, used plasmid as acarrier.
• Molecular vaccines produce Cellular & Humoral Immunity.
• It is not commercially available.
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7. HOW DOES VACCINE WORKS?
• Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous, or even deadly. Vaccines greatly reduce
the risk of infection by working with the body’s natural defenses to safely develop
immunity todisease.
• Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however,
almost never causes illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes
and antibodies.
• Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however,
almost never causes illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes
and Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-
lymphocytes, as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that disease in the
future.
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8. VACCINE MANUFACTURING
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Traditional
method
using eggs
New method
using
mammalian cells
Investigational
method using
plant, Insect and
bacterial cultures
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9. STEPS IN VACCINE PRODUCTION
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1. Selecting the Strains ForVaccine
production
2. Growing The Microorganisms
3. Isolation & Purification of
Microorganisms
4. Inactivation of Organism
5. Formulation ofVaccine
6. Quality Control and LotRelease
UP
STREAMING
PROCESSING
DOWN
STREAMING
PROCESSING

10. EGG BASED VACCINES
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• Over the last 60 years, seasonal flu
vaccines have been manufactured using
fertilized embryonic eggs.
• Using this method, it takes about four
months to produce a batch of vaccines
for a new strain of influenza virus.
• The advantages of using embryonic eggs
to manufacture seasonal flu vaccines are
that the safety and effectiveness of the
vaccines produced have been well
established.
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12. CELL BASED VACCINE PRODUCTION
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• The cell-based vaccine manufacturing process uses cells from
mammals to culture the influenza virus for vaccine production.
• Various pharmaceutical companies use different sources of
mammalian cell cultures for the vaccine manufacturing process.
• Baxter Healthcare uses cells extracted from the kidney of the
African Green Monkey while companies such as Solvay Biological
and Novartis Vaccines use kidney cells from canines to produce
seasonal flu vaccines.

13. CELL BASED VACCINES
Advantages
• The capabilityfor manufacturers to increase
vaccine production with ease.
• The ability to producevaccines faster.
• The reduced possibility of the virus culture
mutating during the manufacturing process.
• Cell-based vaccines arecultured in a
biosafety level 3 (BSL3) conditions.
• People who are allergic to vaccines made
from chicken eggs may not suffer similar
allergies to vaccines made from cell cultures.
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Disadvantages
• The relativelyhigher
manufacturing costs.
• This process producesfewer viruses
for vaccine manufacturing.
• This production method is relatively new
in comparison to the process using
embryonic eggs.

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15. EXAMPLS3/15/2019

16. INVESTIGATIONAL VACCINE MANUFACTURING METHODS
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• Investigational vaccine manufacturing methods use plant, insect cell or bacteria culture and
manufacture the viral genetic material (needed for vaccine production).
• At present, these investigational methods are still in their early developmental stages. It
is not anticipated that any of these new methods will be commercialized for the purpose
of vaccine manufacturing within the next eight to ten years.
• The advantage of these novel systems includes faster production times and a potentially
higher yield of theantigen.
• Their disadvantages include the potential contamination of a vaccine by plant or bacterial
viruses that may be present in the plant or bacterial material used to manufacture these
vaccines. Such contamination may have an impact on the vaccine’s effectiveness.

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19. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF
VACCINES?
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Vaccines protect not only
yourself but also others
around you. If your vaccine-
primed immune system stops
an illness before it starts, you
will be contagious for a much
shorter period of time, or
perhaps not at all.
Similarly, when other people
are vaccinated, they are less
likely to give the disease to
you. Vaccines protect not
only individuals but entire
communities. That is why
vaccines are vital to the
public health goal of
preventing diseases.
If a critical number of people
within a community are
vaccinated against a
particular illness, the entire
group becomes less likely to
get the disease. This
protection is called
community immunity.

20. BENEFITS OF VACCINES
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21. WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF VACCINES?
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Vaccines can cause mild side
effects that usually appear
within a couple days. The
most common are fever or
soreness where the shot was
given.
Serious side effects from
vaccines are extremely rare.
For example, one child in a
million may have a severe
allergic reaction to the DTaP
vaccine. There is no evidence
that vaccines are linked to
chronic diseases such as
autism, autoimmune disease,
asthma, or diabetes.

22. REFERENCES
3/15/2019
• www.news-medical.net
• www.britannic.com/science/vaccine
• www.hsa.gov
• www.niaid.nih.gov-Vaccines
• www.kpwashingtonresearch.org/live-
healthy/all