penjelasan mengenai instrumen penelitian

1. Instrumentasi dalam
Penelitian
Irman Somantri, S.Kp. M.Kep.
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3. Konsep Teori
Pengukuran
Sifat
Pengukuran
Kesalahan
Pengukuran
Tingkat Skala
Pengukuran
Reliabilitas
Validitas
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4. Pembagian Data
Cara
Memperoleh
Data
Primer
Data
Sekunder
Sumber
Data
Internal
Data
Ekternal
Waktu
Pengumpulan
Data Time
Series
Data Cross
Section
Sifat
Data
Kualitatif
Data
Kuantitatif
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5. Existing Data vs Original Data
• Existing Data
• Historical Document : periodicals, diaries, letters, newspapers, minutes of
meetings, medical documents, reports, and so forth.
• secondary analysis
• Original Data
• Researchers using records have to assemble the data set, and considerable coding
and data manipulation usually are necessary
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6. Dimention of Data Collection Approach
Structure Structured methods give participants limited opportunities to qualify their answers or to explain the
underlying meaning of their responses
Little or no structure and to provide participants with opportunities to reveal information in a naturalistic
way
Quantifiability Data that will be subjected to statistical analysis must be gathered in such a way that they can be quantified
researcher
obtrusiveness
Data collection methods differ in the degree to which people are aware of their status as participants
If people are aware of their role in a study, their behavior and responses may not be “normal,” and
distortions can undermine the value of the research
Objectivity Refers to the degree to which two independent researchers can arrive at similar “scores” or make similar
observations regarding the concept of interest, that is, make judgments regarding participants’ attributes
or behavior that are not biased by personal feelings or beliefs
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7. Measurement
Data
Collection
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8. Identifying Data Needs
1. Testing the hypotheses or addressing the research questions.
2. Describing sample characteristics.
3. Controlling extraneous variables.
4. Analyzing potential biases.
5. Understanding subgroup effects.
6. Interpreting results.
7. Checking the manipulation
8. Obtaining administrative information
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9. Selecting Type Measures
• Type
• Single Measures
• Multiple/ Combine Measures
• Making Decision
• Research Consideration
• Ethical Consideration
• Cost Constraints
• time pressures,
• the availability of appropriate staff to help with data collection,
• the anticipated burden to participants and others, such as hospital staff or
participants’ families
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10. Selecting & Developing Instruments
Resources
Availability and
familiarity.
Norms and
comparability.
Population
appropriateness.
Administration
Issues
Reputation
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11. Instrumentasi
Tujuan
Test
• Tertulis
• Performance-type
instruments
Non Test
Klasifikasi
Pemberi
Informasi
Langsung dr peneliti
Langsung dari Subjek
Penelitian
Dari informan
Asal Instrumen
Dari Peneliti
Inventory
• Adopsi
• Adaptasi
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12. IMPLEMENTING A DATA COLLECTION
PLAN IN A QUANTITATIVE STUDY
1. Selecting Research Personnel
• Experience.
• Congruity with sample characteristics.
• Unremarkable appearance.
• Personality.
• Availability
2. Training Data Collectors
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13. Collecting Data in Qualitative Research
Issue Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded Theory
Type of Data Primarily Observation & Interviews,
plus artifacts, documents,
photographs, genealogies, maps,
social network diagrams
Primarily in-depth interviews,
sometimes diaries, other
written materials
Primarily individual interviews,
sometimes group interviews,
observation, participant
journals, documents
Unit of Data Collecition Cultural Systems Individuals Individuals
Data Collection Points Mainly Longitudinal Mainly Cross-sectional Cross Sectional or Longitudinal
Length of time for data
collection
Typically long, many months or
years
Typically moderate Typically moderate
Data Recording Field notes, logs, interview
notes/recording
interview notes/recording interview notes/recording,
memoing, observational notes
Salient field issues Gaining entrée, reactivity,
determining a role, learning how to
participate, encouraging candor &
other interview logistics, loss of
objectivity, premature exit
reflexivity
Bracketing one’s views, building
rapport, encouraging candor,
listening while preparing what
to ask next, keeping “on track”,
handling emotionality
Building rapport, encouraging
candor, listening while
preparing what to ask next,
keeping “on track”, handling
emotionality
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14. Instrumentasi
Major Type Data
Collection
Self Report
Biophysiologic
Measure
Observasi
Desain
Pengukuran
Guttman
Likert
Osgood/
Semantic
Rating
Visual Analoque
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15. Self Report
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16. Jenis
Qualitative
• Unstructured Interviews
• Structured Interviews
• Semi Structured Interviews
• Focus Group Interviews
• Joint Interviews
• Life Histories
• Oral Histories
• Critical Incidents
• Diaries & Journal
Quantitative
• Open & Closed Questions
• Questionnaires
• Interviews
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17. Composites Scales
• Likert Scale
• Semantic Differential Scales
• Rating Scale
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18. Pengukuran Secara Observasi
Techniques for acquiring research data through the direct observation and recording of
phenomena.
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19. Phenomena Amenable to Observation
1. Characteristics and conditions of individuals.
2. Activities and behavior
3. Skill attainment and performance
4. Verbal/non verbal communication
5. Environmental Characteristics
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20. Unit of Observations
Molar Approach
•Observing large
units of behavior
and treating them
as a whole
Molecular Approach
•Uses small, highly
specific behaviors
as observational
units
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21. Structured Observation
• Categories & Checklist
• Using Category systems
• Checklists for Exhaustive Systems
• Checklists for Nonexhaustive Systems
• Rating Scale
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22. Biophysiologic Measures
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23. Purposes of Biophysiologic Measures
1. Basic physiologic processes
2. Physiologic outcomes of nursing care
3. Evaluations of nursing interventions
4. Product assessments
5. Measurement and diagnosis improvement
6. Studies of physiologic correlates
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24. Types of Biophysiologic Measures
In Vivo
Measures
often involve the use of highly
complex instrumentation systems.
Major Components
1. A stimulus
2. A subject
3. Sensing equipment (e.g., transducers)
4. Signal-conditioning equipment (to reduce interference signals)
5. Display equipment
6. Recording, data processing, and transmissionequipment
In Vitro
Measures
data are gathered by extracting
physiologic material from subjects and
submitting it for laboratory analysis
Example
• Chemical measurements, such as the measure of
hormone levels, sugar levels, or potassium levels
• Microbiologic measures, such as bacterial
counts and identification
• Cytologic or histologic measures, such as tissue
biopsies
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