discourse grammar is the 6th chapter of Discourse Analysis book by Brain Paltridge

1. Discoures
Grammar
Presented by:
Ata Mohammed Saeed
Supervised by:
Mohammed Ahmad Nazhad
In the Name Of Allah
1st half of Chapter 6
Sunday, 7th Nov 2021

2. OUTLINE
Warm Up Questions
INTRODUCTION
1. Grammar from a discourse perspective
2. The texture of a text (Unity of texture )
3. Cohesion and discourse
4. Reference:
● Anaphoric reference
● Cataphoric reference
● Exophoric reference
● Homophoric reference
● Comparative and bridging reference
5. Lexical cohesion
● Repetition
● Synonymy
● Antonymy
● Hyponymy and Meronymy
6. Collocation
● Expectancy relations
● Lexical bundles
7. Conjunction

3. Warm up Questions
What is Discourse
Grammar?
How do we conduct a
grammatical analysis in
this approach?
How is Discourse Grammar
different from traditions
of grammar?
How/ why is discourse
grammar useful?

4. What’s Discourse
Grammar?
Background
 Traditional explanation of Grammar is
sentence-based.
 It ignores “the grammatical selection”
in longer, real-world texts.
Introduction

5. Discourse Grammar is an
approach
To "analyzing grammar as an
aspect of discourse rather
than as something that
operates only within the
boundaries of the clause or
sentence."
What’s Discourse
Grammar?
(Hughes & McCarthy,1998)

6. ● Discourse grammar studies
how grammatical elements
are used in spoken and
written discourse, rather
than in isolated sentences.
● How, why and where is an
element used in discourse?
● How do we conduct a
grammatical analysis in
this approach?
What’s Discourse
Grammar?

7. A collection of naturally occuring language
( written and spoken discourse)
Discourse Grammar is based on corpus data.

8. Discourse grammar; some example:
1. Grammar from a Discourse Perspective
Consider these three words: this , that , it
Demonstrative: this, that
Pronouns: it
These words perform different discourse functions
(MacCarthy,1994)

9. 2. The texure of a text
The notion of texture was introduced by Halliday
and Hasan to express the property of being a text.
A text has texture and this is what distinguishes it
from something that is not a text.
Hasan (1989a, 1989b) discusses two crucial
attributes of texts and which are important for the
analysis of Discourse. These are (Unity of structure
and Unity of texture)

10. Unity of structure
refers to patterns
which combine together to
create information structure,
focus and flow in a text,
including the schematic
structure of the text.
Unity of texture
refers to the way
in which resources such as
patterns of cohesion
create both cohesive and
coherent texts.

11. 3. Cohesion and discourse
Cohesion refers to the relationship between items in a
text such as words, phrases and clauses and other items
such as pronouns, nouns and conjunctions. This includes
the relationship between words and pronouns that refer to
that word (reference items). It also includes words that
commonly co-occur in texts (collocation) and the
relationship between words with similar, related and
different meanings (lexical cohesion). Cohesion also
considers semantic relationships between clauses and the
ways this is expressed through the use of conjunctions.

12. 4. Reference
 Anaphoric reference
 Cataphoric reference
 Exophoric reference
 Homophoric reference
 Comparative and bridging
reference
refers to the situation
where the identity of an item can
be retrieved from either within or
outside the text.
The main reference patterns are:

13. 4.1 Anaphoric reference
He’s Just Not That Into You: The No-excuses Truth to Understanding Guys
(Behrendt and Tuccillo 2004 )
Anaphoric reference is where a word or
phrase refers back to another word or phrase used
earlier in a text.

14. 4.2 Cataphoric reference
It seems everyone’s read that self-help book: Greg Behrendt and Liz
Tuccillo’s He’s Just Not That Into You. (ibid.)
describes an item which refers forward to
another word or phrase which is used later in the
text.

15. 4.3 Exophoric reference
Customer: What kind of book would you say this is?
Where would you put it on your bookshelves?
Exophoric reference looks outside the text
to the situation in which the text occurs for the
identity of the item being referred to.

16. 4.4 Homophoric reference
First in the US, then all over the world, women became converts to the book’s
tough-love message. (ibid.)
Homophoric reference is where the identity
of the item can be retrieved by reference to
cultural knowledge, in general, rather than the
specific context of the text

17. 4.5 Comparative and bridging reference
When it was published late last year, Oprah sang its praises, tearful women called
it ‘the Bible’, and others declared it had changed their lives forever.
The book assumes all men are confident, or that if they really like a girl, they’ll
overcome their shyness. The opposite is true. (Cooper 2005: S38)
Comparative reference:
‘the identity of the presumed item is retrieved not because
it has already been mentioned or will be mentioned in the
text, but because an item with which it is being compared has
been mentioned’ (Eggins 2004 : 35).

18. 4.5 Comparative and bridging reference
Stuart agrees. ‘I was hopeless’, he says with a laugh. ‘I’m just not one of those
blokes that finds approaching women easy.’ (Cooper 2005: S38)
A bridging reference (Martin 1992 , Martin and Rose 2007 )
is where an item refers to something that has to be
inferentially derived from the text or situation; that is,
something that has to be presumed indirectly.

19. 5. Lexical cohesion
 repetition
 synonymy
 antonymy
 hyponymy
 meronomy
Lexical cohesion refers to relationships
in meaning between lexical items in a
text and, in particular, content words
and the relationship between them.
The main kinds of lexical cohesion are:

20. 5.1 Repetition
Jen Abydeera, 27, and Stuart Gilby, 22, . . . are convinced they wouldn’t be a
couple if Jen had done things the [He’s Just Not That Into You] way when they
first met. ‘Stu was quiet and shy, while I was more confident and forward,’ says
Jen. ‘He was more reluctant than I was to ask questions or to initiate a date. I
would be the one to say to him: “When do you want to go out, then?”’ (ibid.)
Repetition refers to words that are repeated in a
text. This includes words which are inflected for
tense or number and words which are derived from
particular items such as ‘Stuart’ and ‘Stu’ in the
following example:

21. 5.2 Synonymy
‘I’m just not one of those blokes that finds approaching women easy. The book
assumes all men are confident, or that if they really like a girl, they’ll overcome
their shyness. The opposite is true.’ (ibid.)
Synonymy refers to words which are similar in
meaning such as ‘date’ and ‘go out’ in the
above example and ‘blokes’ and ‘men’ in the
following example:

22. 5.3 Antonymy
Andy Stern, 28, a builder, says he’s worried the book will drive women towards
dodgy men. ‘Only real players do full-on charm,’ he says. ‘The rest of us are
boofheads. We often do nothing at all, and just hope girls notice that we like
them.’ (ibid.)
Antonymy describes opposite or contrastive meanings
such as ‘shy’ and ‘forward’ in the earlier text and
‘women’ and ‘men’, ‘real players’ and ‘boofheads’
in the following text:

23. 5.4 Hyponymy
Self-help Book
Hyponymy refers to classes of lexical items where
the relationship between them is one of ‘general-
specific’, ‘an example of’ or in a ‘class to
member’ type relationship. This relationship could
be represented diagrammatically as shown below in
this Figure: He’s Just Not That Into You
I’m Ok, You’re Ok
You Can Let Go Now : It’s Ok to Be Who You Are
Ready or Not, Here Life Comes
Be Honest: You’re Not That Into Him Either

24. 5.5 Meronymy
Jen
Meronymy is where lexical items are in a ‘whole to
part’ relationship with each other, such as the
relationship between ‘Jen’ and ‘Stuart’ in relation
to the item ‘couple’. ‘Jen’ and ‘Stuart’
are co-meronyms of the superordinate item ‘couple’.
He’s Just Not That Into You
Couple
Stuart

25. Field-grown crops
Further example of hyponymy (Paltridge 1998: 265)
corn
ear
wheat
corn
sorghum
Spring wheat
Further example of meronymy (ibid.)
tassell
polien
silk
kernal
Pollen tube

26. 6. Collocation
Collocation describes associations
between vocabulary items which have a
tendency to co-occur such as combinations
of adjectives and nouns, as in ‘real
estate agent’, the ‘right direction’ and
‘Aussie men’ in the following example
Sarah Hughes, 21, a real-estate agent, agrees that Aussie men
need more help than most when it comes to romance. ‘They’re
useless! They need a good push in the right direction. I loved the
book and its message about not wasting your time – but if a man’s
shy there’s no way it’ll happen unless you do the asking.’
(Cooper 2005: S38)

27. 6.1 Expectancy relations
Art classes
You can do just about anything in the name of art. Try asking a cute guy to sit as your model,
and if he still doesn’t take the hint, you can literally draw him a picture. Take a free life-
drawing class at the Art House Hotel.
Online dating
Hand out as many kisses as you like – virtual ones, that is. Dating sites are all about being
proactive and choosing your best match. (Sun-Herald, 6 February 2005, p. S38)
This occurs where there is a predictable relationship between
a verb and either the subject or the object of the verb.
These relations link nominal elements with verbal elements
(e.g. love/book, waste/time)
Expectancy can also refer to the relationship between
individual lexical items and the composite nominal group that
they form (e.g. art/classes, life/drawing, online/dating):

28. 6.2 Lexical Bundles
Lexical bundles are multi-word combinations such as as a
result of, on the other hand, if you look at and as can be
seen that occur in genres such as university textbooks
(Biber, Conrad and Cortes 2004 , Biber 2006 ),and etc.
Byrd and Coxhead ( 2010 ) define lexical bundles as three or
more words that occur in fixed or semi-fixed combinations
‘that are repeated without change for a set number of
times in a particular corpus’

29. 7. Conjunction
Conjunctions are described by Halliday
and Hasan ( 1976 ) under the groupings of
additive, adversative, causal and
temporal conjunctions.
Martin ( 1992 ) and Martin and Rose ( 2007 ) discuss
conjunctions under the categories of additive,
comparative, temporal and consequential
conjunctions, extending Halliday and Hasan’s work
in this area.

30. Comparative conjunctions include ‘whereas’, ‘but’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘likewise’ and
‘equally’, drawing on the notion of comparison in both a positive and negative sense.
Additive conjunctions include ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘moreover’, ‘in addition’ and ‘alternatively’.
That is, they draw on the notion of ‘addition’ in both a positive and a contrastive sense.
Temporal conjunctions include items such as ‘while’, ‘when’, ‘after’, ‘meanwhile’, then’,
‘finally’ and ‘at the same time’.
Consequential conjunctions include items such as ‘so that’, ‘because’, ‘since’, ‘thus’, ‘if’,
‘therefore’, ‘in conclusion’ and ‘in this way’.

31. Thank you
atta.saeed@gmail.com
+9647701567124
M.A ( student) in English
language Teaching
University of Kurdistan
Sunday 7th Nov 2021