1. GROUP 3
AYEBALE CHARITY 20/U/0412
ALEMI ROBERT 20/U/0406
MUHINDI RONALD 20/U/0411
NAKANZI DOREEN NOELINE
NAHUTAHO JOHN
2. APPLICATION OF DIGITAL AND COMPUTER
MEASUREMENTS IN BIOPROCESS CONTROL
The initial use of computers in the 1960s was for modelling fermentation process
control for production of glutamic acid and penicillin production.
There are 3 distinct areas of computer function;
Logging of process data, data analysis and process data
3. Logging of data
It is performed by data acquisition system which has both hardware and software
components
There is an interface between the sensors and the computer the software should
include the computer program for sequential scanning of the sensor signals and the
procedure of data storage
4. Data analysis (reduction of logging data)
Data reduction is performed by the data analysis system, which is a computer
program based on a series of selected mathematical equation.
The analyzed information may the be placed on a print out, fed into data bank or
utilized for process control.
5. Process control
Signals from the computer are fed into pumps, valves or switches via the interface.
There are two types of control;
DDC (Direct Digital Control); It is when the bioprocess (fermenter) is under the direct
control of the computer software.
SSC(Supervisory Set-point control); the use of independent controller to manage all
control functions of a bioprocess (fermenter) and the computer communicates with
the control only to exchange information.
6. GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
Bioprocess control results in increased efficiency , productivity and reproducibility,
reduced costs, improved quality control and reduced environmental pollution.
Sensors and analytical instruments are the primary elements in process control.
Digital and computer measurements ensure that the process operates as designed,
provide optimal environment desired for bioprocesses and are used to enable
correction of changes from steady state performance quickly and reliably.
Computers are used to capture data, track information, maintain databases, graph
data, and work with statistical analysis software
7. In food industry
In food processing, the main objectives are food safety, minimal processing and high
quality products, good instrumentation, appropriate fault detection and reliable real-
time on-line control techniques
8. Food industry cont’d
Computerized systems are used for control functions such as formulation control,
process deviation calculations, process temperature, process pressure, process timing
and container closure examination
Digital imaging method is used for measuring and analyzing color of food surfaces.
The method is affordable and versatile. The images of the food product can be
displayed on computer screen or printed on paper for qualitative analysis of color and
structure. It can also be used for determination of color and structure.
Computer vision system is being used for the detection of defects in fruits like
oranges, olives, sorting of potatoes, online monitoring of baking conditions,
measurement of browning in chips.
9. Food industry cont’d
Used to keep a check on food quality and safety, and to help distinguish between
natural and artificial.
It is also being used for checking the ripening stages of bananas, tomatoes among
others.
Can be used to classify different varieties of cereal grains and check their
adulteration.
10. DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Computer aided drug design is usually used to filter large compound libraries into
smaller sets of predicted active compounds that can be tested experimentally, guide
the optimization of lead compounds, whether to increase its affinity or optimize drug
metabolism
Artificial intelligence can deliver value in small molecule drug discovery in four ways
that is; access to new biology, improved or novel chemistry, better success rates, and
quicker and cheaper discovery processes.
11. Other applications
Real time sensors are used to determine specific physical characteristics such as
temperature, PH value or dissolved oxygen.
Analytical techniques such as spectroscopy have been used to determine the
chemical composition of the media contained in the reactor vessel.
Biosensors are used to diagnose infectious diseases.
In the fermentation industry and in the saccharification process are used to detect
precise glucose concentrations
13. The iLine F microscope
This is a device which is controlled by OsOne software. It can be automated to
perform the following tasks;
Determination of cell viability
Total cell density
Viable cell density
Cell diameter
Sampling of PH measurement and adjustment
Follow the cell growth curve live on the screen
14. The iLine F microscope cont’d
The iLine F microscope provides unique online, noninvasive, dye-free
suspension cell counting via accurate, continuous real-time monitoring.
The algorithms automatically detect different cell quality attributes such as
viability (dead or alive), counting, activation state, and clusters.
The microscope captures holograms of cells as they travel through the
disposable BioConnect fluidics system, which connects the microscope to the
bioreactor.
15.
16. YSI ANALYZERS
YSI has earned a reputation as the gold standard I bio-analytical instruments with
highly accurate sensors and rapid results
It can be used to measure important analytes glucose, lactate etc.
In biofuel sector, YSI analyzer measures xylose and glucose to monitor fermentation
progress in cellulosic ethanol research and also measure residual ethanol during
distillation in production facilities
Digital image processing is significant in
improving the appearance of image to a human
observer, to extract from n image quantitative
information that is not readily apparent to the
eye
17. Selected Applications of Image Analysis
a) Densitometric analysis
It quantifies the concentration of unknown samples using linear or nonlinear relationships
between image colour information and chemical concentration.
Densitometric analysis can be used to indirectly quantify the amount of chemicals through
colour analysis. For example, the amount of anthocyanins from a strawberry cell culture
has been measured by image analysis
18. b) Cell analysis and cell culture monitoring
When cells are being cultured, it is important to monitor the cell concentration, growth,
and physiological state, especially with industrial-scale cell cultures. Image analysis has
been adopted to count cell numbers, to quantify cell morphology, and to measure cell
concentrations.
Image analysis has long been used to analyse the morphology of various complex fungal
mycelia formed during fungal cultivation
Image analysis has also been applied to the cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms in
a photobioreactor
19. c) Wastewater treatment process
The activated sludge process is one of the most commonly used processes to biologically purify wastewater
Image analysis techniques have been used to investigate this process since quantitative analysis of the
complex morphology of filamentous flocs by direct visual assessment is generally inadequate. To analyse
the morphology of flocs, the floc core and the filamentous parts are separated
from the filamentous flocs by image processing and they are converted into individual binary images.
After extraction of various object parameters, they are used to characterize the state of the wastewater
treatment process
20. d) Lignocellulosic biomass analysis
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that is used not only to produce
sugar, lignin, and proteins but also to make a variety of chemically derived
precursors through biotransformation.
Image analysis has been used to examine the content and the morphology of
lignocellulose and its derivatives.
21. Flow Cytometry
Is a standard laser based technology that is used in the detection and measurement
of the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a homogeneous
fluid mixture. The use of flow cytometry has increased over the years as it provides
rapid analysis of multiple characteristics (both qualitative and quantitative) of the
cells.
The properties that can be measured using this process include a particles size,
granularity and fluorescence integrity
22. Flow Cytometry cont’d
The basic principle of flow cytometry is based on the measurement of light scattered
by particle and the fluorescence observed with these particles are passed in a stream
through a laser beam and the signals from the cells are imaged as the cells transverse
the light source
The camera based imaging flow cytometry uses high CCD camera with a time delay
technique that can detect fluorescence signals without motion blur caused by an
increase in exposure time
