3. Introduction
• It is one of the methods used for on-line non-destructive solid material
characterization is near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.
• This method is based on vibrational spectroscopy, which measures the
interactions of electromagnetic NIR radiation with the chemical bonds
of the sample constituents at different wavelengths (780–2500 nm).
• The NIR spectroscopy technique is widely used in the field of food
science and engineering, pharmaceutical industry for quality
monitoring and in waste management for many applications such as
monitoring of the landfilled material, separation of recyclables,
recovery of biodegradable materials.
4. Applications of NIR in Bio-processing
1. Pharmaceutical Industries
• NIR spectroscopy is widely
used in pharmaceutical
manufacturing because it can
rapidly measure the critical
material attributes (CMAs)
of a product in real time,
nondestructively and non-
contact during
manufacturing processes in
pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
5. Pharmaceutical Processes that may involve
NIR spectroscopy
• Spectroscopic analysis of crystalline quality of a bulk drug in
pharmaceutical formulations.
• Evaluation of the pharmaceutical properties of the tablets in which the
drug substance undergoes crystal polymorphic transformation, during
the granulation process by in-line NIR monitoring
• Prediction of the dissolution properties of the tablets based on the NIR
spectra of the compressed tablets
6. Pharmaceutical Processes that may involve
NIR spectroscopy
• Tablet quality evaluation during tablet manufacturing processes based
on physical and chemical information in NIR spectra of the
compressed tablets
• NIR spectra imaging of pharmaceutical products
• Evaluation of the polymorphic content of bilayer tablets using NIR on
compressed tablets.
• In-line NIR monitoring of tablet-coating (TC) processes for controlled
drug release preparations.
7. Pharmaceutical Processes that may involve
NIR spectroscopy
• NIR spectroscopy is an advantageous alternative to wet chemical
methods and other instrumental techniques such as MIR.
spectrophotometry and NMR spectroscopy for this purpose.
• Similarly to MIR, the earliest NIR studies aimed at the identification
of substances were concerned with structural elucidation.
8. 2.Medical Applications
a). Used in cancer analysis and research
• NIR detects cancers in vivo through a combination of blood volume and
oxygenation from measurements of oxy and deoxy-hemoglobin giving
signals of tumor angiogenesis and hypermetabolism.
b). Used in blood glucose measurements.
• A sample of blood glucose is placed in a spectrophotometer where it is
absorbed at different wavelengths and different wavelengths have different
values hence the measurements can be made.
9.
10. Medical Applications……cont’d
c). Used in the determination of photon
migration in tissues;
Photon migration spectroscopy is a technique
that combines experimental measurements
and model based data analysis to measure the
bulk absorption and scattering media.
d). Used in tissue and major organ analysis.
e). Used in the analysis blood oxygenation,
fetuses and newborns.
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11. 3. Application in Waste Management
a). Monitoring and Detection of Gases
• Monitoring properties of exhaust air, cleaning systems and to detect
small but significant changes in emission characteristics during a
fattening cycle is important for both emission and fattening process
control.
12. Application in Waste Management
b). Sorting of Plastics Wastes.
• Near-Infrared (NIR) analysis technology has been widely applied in plastic
detection and identification.
• Contamination in the recycling of different types of plastics can cause
processing problems, so the classification of plastic is particular important.
Up to now, waste plastic is identified mainly based on the melting
temperature, the plastics density and their solubility in different solvents.
13. Application in Waste Management
c). Waste Water and Water
management i.e
• Cleanliness of water tanks and
pipes
• Detection of leakages and
blockages
• Presence of contaminants
14. Application in Waste Management
• However, these plastic
identification methods are usually
subjective, time-consuming and
involve a lot of manual work.
Therefore, it is necessary to find a
method which can correctly real-
time identify the plastics with
high speed.
15. 4. Application in fermentation
• NIR can be used to control the substrate
feed addition, providing information both
about starting point and rate, thus
maximizing productivity in fermenters.
• NIR monitoring can assist in determining
the optimal moment to harvest the batch,
this is important in yoghurt production.
16. Application in fermentation
• NIR spectra can be used alone or can be combined with other
monitoring strategies, to allow supervision of process trajectories,
identification of abnormal situations such as contamination and data
can be used to gain understanding of the process.
• NIR spectroscopy can potentially provide on-line information on
substrate, biomass, product, and metabolite concentrations in
fermentation process, which is useful during monitoring or control.
17. 5. Food analysis Using NIR
• NIR has been used for the
quality testing of crossbred
material from wheat breeding
programs e.g amount of protein
in wheat.
• NIR spectroscopy is widely used
in the meat industry for
proximate analysis.
• NIR can be used to measure non-
destructively the protein,
moisture and oil contents of fish.
19. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using
NIR In Bio-processes
ADVANTAGES
• Water transparent in the NIR band
• Relatively low cost materials are
needed
• Signal intensity is directly
proportional to the concentration of
the analyte
• Minimum sample preparation
required
• Method also works in presence of
interfering substances Like glass or
plastic containers
DISADVANTAGES
• Heterogeneous distribution of
glucose can give wrong results
• Glucose concentrations are too
low to give accurate detection
• High scattering level
• Problems of selectivity for
determination of glucose
