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Lecture 7 and 8 microbial_sem_6_20180307
1.
Microbes as tools for microbiological research/Biotechnological poten5al of microbes Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
2.
• Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has published an analysis of 178 genomes from microbes that live in or on the human body. • The variable human microbiome is the set of genes present in a given habitat in a smaller subset of humans. •
During human microevolu5on, new genes might be included in the core microbiome, whereas other genes might be excluded (Turnbaugh et al., 2007) Human microbiome Project helped in developing microbes as tool Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
3.
Microbial Biosensors “analy5cal devices combining biospecific recogni5on systems with physical or electrochemical signaling” • Generic biosensor system comprises three components: 1. the biospecific interac5on 2.
the signal emiOed when the target is bound 3. plaQorm that transduces the binding reac5on into a machine-readable output signal Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
4.
Microbial Biosensors Examples; IGEM PLAT FORM/biobricks Inspector NoCoLi Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
5.
Microbial Biosensors Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
6.
Microbial Biosensors Examples; A biosensor for nitrate monitoring has been constructed by transforma5on of plasmid containing nitrate reductase operon fused to gfp reporter gene to E. coli cells (Taylor et al., 2004). Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
7.
Molecular Diagnos5cs • Commercial kits for the molecular detec5on and iden5fica5on of infec5ous pathogens have provided a degree of standardiza5on and ease of use • Amplifica5on-based methods are increasingly employed for diagnosis Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
8.
Biowarfare “Biological warfare agents are a group of pathogens and toxins of biological origin that can be poten5ally misused for military or criminal purposes” (Pohanka and Kuca, 2010) Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
9.
Biowarfare Project Bonfire: crea5on of an5bio5c-resistant bacteria. Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
10.
Biowarfare The Hunter Program; crea5on of hybrid viruses Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 4
11.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Biowarfare 'Botulin‘, a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, is highly toxic and if everyone has to be killed on this earth, less than 1kg of this toxin will do.
12.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Biotechnological poten5al of microbes “What is soil,
becomes grass, becomes a cow, becomes you and me and then becomes soil again. Without microbes, the whole ecosystem would collapse” “Microbes are always at Work”
13.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Biotechnological poten5al of microbes • The Earth hosts over 1030 microorganisms, represen5ng the largest component of the planet’s biomass. • Human body has 10 5mes as many microbial cells as human cells.
14.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Biotechnological poten5al of microbes THE MICROBIAL WORLD Es5mated Total Microorganism Species in the World
15.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Probio5cs; • A term coined in 1965 to describe substances that favor the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the body. • Two species of probio5cs, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, have been studied the most. ü
Bacteria that produce the enzyme lactase help reduce lactose intolerance.
16.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Applica5ons in Space; • The harsh radia5on of interplanetary space can penetrate astronauts' bodies, damaging the DNA in their cells, which can cause cancer and other illnesses. • Halobacterium appears to be a master of the complex art of DNA repair. This mastery is what scien5sts want to learn from.
17.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Applica5ons in Space; Life On Mars??? • August 1996,
scien5sts announced that they had extracted the fossils of an unknown bacillus shaped microorganism from inside a meteorite from Mars found in Antarc5ca. • This may support the theory that life did or does s5ll exist on Mars!
18.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Applica5ons in Space; • Microbes might be used to breakdown dirty laundry on long space flights
19.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Helps caOle to digest the food; • Microbes living in the rumen of the cow are responsible for the breakdown of the carbohydrate cellulose of plants. • The cow lacks the enzymes to break down carbohydrates.
20.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Microbes have a built-in compass; • Magnetotac5c bacteria find their way around by using the aOrac5on from the earth's magne5c field. • It is this built-in compass that enables the bacteria to find its way down to the deep, oxygen-free parts of its aqua5c habitat.
21.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Bacteria can act as insec5cides; • Bacillus thuringiensis, producing proteins that are toxic to many insects. • Now, scien5sts have spliced genes of it into crops, that produces toxins fatal to crop damaging pests, but harmless to "good" bugs
22.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Plas5c making bacteria; • Alcaligenes eutrophus • It has granules that are made of a fat- like polymer and not starch, like the granules of other bacteria.
23.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Sick Building Syndrome; • Fumes from certain construc5on materials in buildings e.g. malls, are responsible for giving people severe headaches. • Microbes living in poOed plants eliminate Sick Building Syndrome by degrading the fumes.
24.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Chocolate industry; • Chocolate comes from the seeds of the Cacao tree. • The seeds come in pods and the only way to retrieve the seeds are to ferment them with yeasts and lactobacilli and Acetobacter.
25.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Bacteria can help clean up oil spills; • Amer the Exxon Valdez crashed off the shore of Alaska, spilling its contents all over the area, one of the biggest contributors to cleaning up the environment was Pseudomonas. • The hydrocarbon that the bacterium feasts on are converted to carbon dioxide and water.
26.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Environmental hazards amer war; • Trinitrotoluene, TNT, is a problema5c explosive that contaminates the soil in areas where ammuni5on is kept. • Bacteria named Clostridium bifermentans is able to break down this contaminant.
27.
Microbial Biotechnology|Biotech-552|Dr. Zia|Lec 3 Bioluminescence; • “Luciferase” - uses molecular oxygen and a protein that has a par5cular vitamin FMNH2 aOached to it. • “Luciferase” - causes oxida5on reac5on to occur between oxygen and vitamin leading to the conversion from FMNH2 to FMN. •
The color of light (orange, yellow, yellow-green, or blue-green ) depends on the kind of luciferase and amount of oxida5on of the vitamin aOached to the luciferin. e.g. Firefly luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7) from the firefly pho5nus pyralis.
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