Civil engineering involves the planning, design, construction and maintenance of physical and natural built environment infrastructure. It includes works like buildings, roads, bridges, canals, dams and systems for water supply, sewage treatment and solid waste management. The main branches of civil engineering are structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering and water resources engineering. Civil engineers play an important role in providing infrastructure and facilities necessary for modern life and economic activity through application of scientific and technological principles.

1. Civil Engineering

2. Civil Engineering
• Definition:- “Civil Engineering is the art of directing
the great sources of power in nature for the use and
convenience of man”.- Royal Charter of Institute of
Civil Engineers London.
• “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering
concerned with planning, design and construction for
environmental Control, development of natural
resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other
structures required for health, welfare, safety,
employment and pleasure of mankind”. Fredrick .S.
Merit Hand book for Civil Engineers.

3. Scope of Civil Engineering
The main scope of civil engineering or the task
of civil engineering is planning, designing,
estimating, supervising construction, managing
construction, execution, and maintenance of
structures like building, roads, bridges, dams,
etc.

4. CIVIL ENGINEER
One who designs and maintains works of public utility is
known as civil engineer. Civil engineer should have qualities
like scientific attitude, imaginative and intuitive approach, He
should have good analysis and decision power. He should be
able to solve engineering problems, by using mathematical
modeling, scientific principles and laboratory techniques using
computer and information technology. He should be able to use
operation research techniques for solution of management
problems.

5. Branches of Civil Engineering
• Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes
many types of structures such as residential
buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings,
roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal
and canal structures, airports, harbours, and
ports, water treatment plants, waste water
treatment plant, water supply networks, and
drainage networks.
• According to the type of structures and activities
carried out, main branches of civil engineering are
classified as follows:

6. Civil engineering is a wide discipline
which includes several specialized
sub-disciplines, viz..
Civil
nment
al
Geotec
hnical
Struct
ural
Surve
ying
Transpo
rtation
Construc
tion
Enviro
Water
Resource
SUB DISCIPLINES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

7. Surveying: determining the relative positions of points on,
above or
below theearth surface, by measuring horizontal distances and angles
Levelling:measurement in vertical plane i.e. determination of
elevations of points
Objective: toprepare plan or map which is used in furtherplanning
of structures like building, roads, bridgesetc.

8. Surveying & leveling
• Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in
horizontal and vertical planes, while leveling is the measurement of
heights in vertical plane.
• Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for
surveying. Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points
on the basis of surface of earth.
• It also includes measurements of areas and volumes. Basic aim of
surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale.
• Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway canal.
It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of
structures. Modern surveying instruments like Electronic total
station and Geographical Positioning System(GPS) are the modern
electronic digital instruments for survey works. Remote sensing and
Geographical Information system(GIS) are adopted for surveying and
planning of many civil engineering projects.

9. Types of buildings: Residential, commercial,
Industrial, etc.
Components of a building: from
foundation to roof level
Materials: properties and functions of various materials
used for construction -viz., bricks, stone, cement, sand,aggregate,
steel, glass,etc.
Building planning and bye-laws: understandingand
application
Methods of construction

10. Structural Engineering
• This Branch of civil engineering deals with structural
analysis and design of structures. Structural analysis is
done to calculate stresses in structural components, on
the basis of loads, acting on structures.
• Sections of structural elements like beams, columns,
slabs, etc. are designed. Structural analysis requires
much calculation, hence advanced computing software's
are used to carry out structural analysis and design.
• It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC)
and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings,
towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires
skills and knowledge of structural engineering.

11. Structural analysis: of all types of structures like
buildings,
bridges, watertanks, retaining walls, dams, offshorestructures
Loads: estimationof load will acton structuresuch as Dead, Live,
Earthquake, Wind, etc.
Stresses: calculationof stresses that maydevelopdue toabove loads
in structure
Structural Design: anycomponent must beable towithstand
cracking, failure or excessivedeflection

12. Structural Engineering

13. Geotechnical Engineering
• Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering
which deals with soil investigation and design of proper
foundations of structures.
• Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil
samples.
• Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil
parameters and safe bearing capacity. It also includes
construction and design of simple foundations, pile
foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer dams,
construction of foundation of dams, construction of tunnels,
sub base of road, earthen dams, earth related constructions.
Sound knowledge of geology and geotechnical engineering
is necessary for construction of earth related structures.

14. Soil Mechanics: behavior of various types of soil,
determination of
bearing capacity and engineering propertiesof soil
Foundationof structures: designof foundation as persoil types

15. Geotechnical Engineering

16. Water Resource Engineering
• Water resource engineering means measurements,
utilization and development of water resources for
agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.
• It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of
hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc. Water resource
engineering deals with planning designing and developing
water resources by constructing several hydraulic structures
like dams, barrages, hydropower stations, canal and pipe
networks etc.
• It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting
techniques, soil conservation and soil reclamation.
Hydrology is also a part of water resource engineering.
Hydrology includes study of sources of water,
measurement of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff, flood
control.

17. Collection, management, utilization: of
water fromnatural
sources: viz. river, lakes, etc.
Study of hydrology, irrigation, openchannel
hydraulics, water poweretc.
Hydraulic structures: design of hydraulic structures
likedam,
reservoir, canal, etc.

18. Water Resource Engineering

19. Transportation Engineering
• Transportation means movement of passengers and
goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water
and aircrafts in air.
• Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil
engineering which deals with planning, designing
and construction of roads, bridges, railways,
tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways, and
airports.
• As for development of any nation good transportation
network is of prime importance. Study of various
construction materials used in construction of roads,
traffic engineering are also considered under
transportation Engineering.

20. Objective: safe, rapid, comfortable, economical and
convenient
movementof people and goods fromone place toanother
Land transportation: Roads and Railwaystransportation,
highways, rail gaugesetc,
Water transportation: ports, harbours
Air transportation: airports,runways

21. Transportation Engineering

22. Environmental Engineering
• Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and
public health engineering. Different types of pollutions are
water, air, noise and other pollution.
• Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid
urbanization and several other human activities like construction,
mining, transportation, environment gets polluted.
• Environmental engineering deals with technologies &
facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution.
Environmental engineering includes design, construction and
maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment
plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it
also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities.
Public health engineering includes water treatment, water
distribution network, & solid waste management.

23. Water Supply engineering: treatmentof drinking
water, design
of water distributionnetwork
Sanitary engineering:treatment of sewage and its safe disposal,
solid waste management
Pollutioncontrol: controlling airand waterpollution

24. Environmental Engineering

25. Environmental Engineering

26. Role of Civil Engineers
Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public
utilities. Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers.
• Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing,
estimation and execution of structures like buildings, roads,
bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals, water and waste
water treatment plants, water distribution network and sewerage
system.
• To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of
different engineering problems
• To solve different engineering problems with the help of field
experience, laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using
computer and information technology.
• To implement management techniques for better management of
man, material, machines and money.

27. Role of Civil Engineers
• To carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as
suggested by clients or user, the building may be residential
building, public building, or industrial building. He has to plan
the building as per the byelaws.
• To carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of
structures.
• To carry out design of structures as per the principles of structural
analysis and design. He should also ensure that the design is safe,
durable, and economical.
• To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of completion
of work.
• To invite tenders & to select contractors for the works.
• To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of
finding its sale or purchase price or taxation.
• Civil engineers has to work for the general welfare of people.

28. CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY