3. -These are group of the Gram positive bacteria with great guanine and their DNA is
consisting of cytosine.
-It is unicellular like bacteria that can produce a mycelium wherein it is non-septate
and more slender.
-It commonly has an aerobic respiration and it can also be anaerobic.
-A filamentous bacteria
-It looks like a powdery uniformity and a firm stick upon the agar surface. It also a
spherical shape and others are branched while some are in hair- like projection
Actinobacteria
4. -Actinobacteria is not reproducing sexually, but, they reproduce through
fragmentation or production of spores. Actinobacteria produces mycelium. And
mycelia are made up numerous hyphae or filaments and that make up structure of
bacteria. Mycelia are reproduce by fragmentation in which splits into two that will
form into a functioning mycelia.
Reproduction of Actinobacteria
5. -The cell cycle of Actinobacteria from the germination of spores in which it leads to
the growth of mycelia or substrate mycelium. And as the mycelium grown it will
form reproductive aerial hyphae. As the aerial hyphae grow it will undergo cooling.
After all the cooling the chromosomes will segregate and the sporulation specific
septum will form and the spore will undergo spores maturation as the spores
dispersal will going to happen. and all in all, the cycle will repeat from the starts
until dispersal.
Cell cycle of Actinobacteria
6. -They commonly live in universal soil, freshwater and in marine ecosystem
-Actinobacteria are also found and distributed in both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystem.
-It plays the role of recovering biomaterials through decomposition of the complex
materials towards the dead organisms specifically in animals and plants.
Habitat of Actinobacteria
8. Cell Wall and Membranes
of Actinobacteria
• Gram-positive cell wall
• Comprised of a plasma
membrane
and a thick peptidoglycan layer.
Mycolic acids are thought to be the
main component of the outer
membrane, which is composed of
many additional lipids trehalose
dimycolate, also known as cord
factor
9. General Characteristics
of Actinobacteria
Comprises a group of branching
unicellular microorganisms, most of
which are aerobic-forming mycelium
known as substrate and aerial.
They produce binary fission or by
producing spores or conidia, and
sporulation through fragmentation
and segmentation.
Morphological appearance is
compact, often leathery, giving
conical appearance with a dry
surface on culture media and
frequently covered with aerial
mycelium.
Appearance of Actinobacteria. (A&C) Plate view of the
Actinobacterial isolates. (B&D)Morphology of
individual colonies.
10. Aerial mycelium
Usually thicker than the substrate mycelium
Shows sufficient differentiation that a
miscellaneous assortment of isolates can be
segregated into a number of groups having
similar morphological characteristics under
fixed condition
Substrate mycelium
Its color ranges from white or virtually
colorless to yellow, brown, pink, orange,
green, or black.
Varies in size, shape, and thickness.
12. ACTINOBACTERIA
-Genus Mycobacterium
aerobic, non-endospore forming rods.
Acid-fast staining, drug resistance, and pathogenicity
structurally bit similar to gram-negative bacteria.
outermost lipopolysaccharide layer in mycobacteria is
replaced by mycolic acids, which form a wax, water
resistant layer. This makes the bacteria resistant to
stresses such as drying
14. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Streptomyces
They are found in the soil, where they cycling of carbon
trapped in insoluble organic debris from plants and fungi.
Streptomyes also form conidia, which are produced in chains
from spore-bearing aerial hyphae.
It produces secondary metabolites such as antifungals, antivirals,
antitumorals, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressants, and
antibiotics.
16. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Frankia
Belong to the group of Actinomycetes.
Able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia via the
enzyme Nitrogenase, a process known as nitrogen fixation.
They are symbiotic organisms.
Cause nitrogen-fixing nodules (filamentous bacteria) to form in
alder tree roots, such as rhizobia cause nodules on the roots
of legumes in the Fabaceae family
18. ACTINOBACTERIA
-Genus Nocardia
Belongs to the roup of Actinomycetes
These bacteria are aerobic
To reproduce, they form rudimentary filaments, which
fragment into short rod.
Their cell wall resembles of mycobacteria
They are catalase-positive organisms.
Majority of Actinomyces possess the cord factor.
20. ACTINOBACTERIA
-Genus Gardnerella
Describe as Gram variable but has a Gram-positive wall type.
Gardnerella vaginalis is a facultative anaerobic bacterium and the only
species of this genus.
G. vaginalis is strongly associated with bacterial vaginosis, a disease
characterized by malodorous vaginal discharge, but it also occurs
frequently in the vaginal microbiota of healthy individuals.
22. ACTINOBACTERIA
-Genus Corynebacteruim
Gram-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore forming
They are bacilli (rod shaped), and in some phases they are more of
club-shaped.
Grow slowly, even on enriched media.
Commonly found in nature in soil, water, plants, and food products
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, can cause human infection diphtheria,
or acute, contagious infection.
24. ACTINOBACTERIA
-Genus Propionibacterium
Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped genus of bacteria
named after their unique metabolism.
synthesize propionic acid by using unusual transcarboxylase
enzymes.
Its members are primarily facultative parasites and commensals of
humans and other animals.
widely used in the production of Vitamin B¹², tetrapyrrole compounds,
and propionic acid, as well as in the probiotics and cheese industries
26. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Micromonospora
They are gram-positive, spore-forming, generally aerobic.
This bacterium lives in different environments such as soil and
water, and are saprotrophic (feeds on dead, organic matter).
it is used in medicines as a secondary metabolite and studies
have also shown that they are useful in plant growth and
development.
28. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Tropheryma
It is rod-shaped and non-motile. This bacterium is gram-
positive and soil-dwelling
It has the size of 1.0–2.5 µm in length and 0.2–0.25 µm in
width. Its cell wall is thick and has an atypical envelope.
This bacterium is the primary cause of Whipple’s disease (T.
whipplei) which is characterized by intestinal malabsorption
leading to cachexia and death. Basically, it targets the human
intestines.
30. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Salinispora
First actinobacterium to require saltwater to
grow.
It also produces secondary metabolites that is
essential in the pharmaceutical industry.
It is the aquatic counterpart of
micromonospora.
Salinispora tropica
31. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Gordonia
This bacterium is aerobic and catalase positive, forming rods
and cocci. It is also gram-positive to gram-variable
It is commonly found in the soil but some are also found in
sewage treatment plantations.
33. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Rhodococcus
This bacterium is aerobic, Gram-positive, catalase-positive, partially
acid-fast, nonmotile actinomycetes.
it can be rod-shaped or it can also grow as an extensively branched
substrate hyphae.
Rhodococcus can produce metabolites such as carotenoids,
biosurfactants, and bioflocculation agents.
35. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Leifsonia
They are gram-positive, non-spore-forming,
irregular rod- or filament-shaped, motile,
mesophilic, catalase-positive bacteria.
It contains dl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid in their
peptidoglycan layer.
37. ACTINOBACTERIA
- Genus Bifidobacteria
This bacterium has different shapes such as curved, short, and
bifurcated Y shapes.
Its cells have no capsule and they are non-spore-forming,
nonmotile, and nonfilamentous bacteria.
It has probiotic features such as induction of immunoglobulin
production, anticarcinogenic activity, and many more.
39. ACTINOBACTERIA
Genus Thermobifida
They are rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, chemo-
organotrophic (use oxygen as an energy source) aerobic
organisms.
They are found in decaying organic matter.
They decompose cellulose and lignocellulose residues, which will
breakdown urban and agricultural wastes.
42. IMPORTANCE OF ACTINOBACTERIA
Actinobacteria are found in both terrestrial and aquatic
habitats and are identified as potential bioremediation
agents among environmental microorganisms.
They are considered as invaders in nature and they also
help in the recycling of refractory biomaterials through
humus production and degradation.
Actinobacteria also has the ability to digest organic and
inorganic contaminants and this ability was utilized in
cleaning pesticide and heavy metal contaminated sites.
43. IMPORTANCE OF ACTINOBACTERIA
They are important for improving fertility in soil.
Some Actinobacteria produce Enzymes, Antibiotics,
Inhibitors and various biochemically important compounds.
Some species form symbiotic associations with plant roots.
Used as secondary fermenters during Swiss cheese
production
44. IMPORTANCE OF ACTINOBACTERIA
They have the ability to degrade a wide range of
hydrocarbons, pesticides, and aliphatic and aromatic
compounds.
They perform microbial transformation of organic
compounds, a field of great commercial value.
Have potential for use in bio conversation of underutilized
agricultural and urban wastes into high- value chemical
products.
Produce Enzyme inhibitors useful for cancer treatment and
Immuno modifiers that enhance immune response
46. Diseases caused by Actinobacteria
Some species are
extremely
pathogens, and
some are
oppurtunistic
pathogens, both of
them cause
diseases for
humans and
animals
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF ACTINOBACTERIA
