MPA102T Lecture 9.pdf

M. Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1st Semester)
MPA102T : Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis
Lecture 9 : Elemental Impurities (Part II)
Dr. Sant Kumar Verma
Associate Professor
ISF College of Pharmacy
(An Autonomous College), Moga
santkumarverma@isfcp.org

Contents
05-10-2021 ISF College of Pharmacy, MOGA 2
➢ Method for Establishing Exposure Limits
➢ Established PDEs for Elemental Impurities
➢ Permitted Concentrations of Elemental
Impurities
➢ Instrumentation for Determination of
Elemental Impurities
Flame Atomic Absorption
Electrothermal Atomization
Hydride Generation AA
➢ References
➢ Questions

Method for Establishing Exposure
Limits
➢ This method adopted by International Programme for Chemical
Safety (IPCS) for Assessing Human Health Risk of Chemicals and
methods are similar to those used by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Integrated Risk
Information System, the United States Food and Drug
Administration (US FDA) and others.
➢ When an minimal risk level (MRL) was used to set the Permitted
Daily Exposure (PDE), no additional modifying factors were used
as they are incorporated into the derivation of the MRL.
➢ The PDE is derived from the No-Observed-Effect Level (NO[A]EL),
or the Lowest-Observed-Effect Level (LO[A]EL) in the most
relevant animal study as follows:

Limits
PDE = NO(A)EL x Mass Adjustment/[F1 x F2 x F3 x F4 x F5]
➢ The PDE is derived preferably from a NO(A)EL. If no NO(A)EL is
obtained, the LO(A)EL may be used. Modifying factors proposed
here, for relating the data to humans, are the same kind of
"uncertainty factors" used in Environmental Health Criteria, and
"modifying factors" or "safety factors" in Pharmacopeial Forum.
➢ The modifying factors are as follows:
F1 = A factor to account for extrapolation
F1 = 1 for human data
F1 = 5 for extrapolation from rats to humans
F1 = 12 for extrapolation from mice to humans

Limits
F1 = 2 for extrapolation from dogs to humans
F1 = 2.5 for extrapolation from rabbits to humans
F1 = 3 for extrapolation from monkeys to humans
F1 = 10 for extrapolation from other animals to humans
F1 takes into account the comparative surface area;
Body mass ratios for the species concerned and for man. Surface
area (S) is calculated as:
S = kM0.67
in which, M = body mass, and the constant k has been taken to be 10.

Limits
➢ F2 = A factor of 10 to account for variability between individuals
➢ A factor of 10 is generally given for all elemental impurities, and
10 is used consistently in this guideline
➢ F3 = A variable factor to account for toxicity studies of short-term
exposure
➢ F4 = A factor that may be applied in cases of severe toxicity, e.g.,
non-genotoxic carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity or teratogenicity.
➢ F5 = A variable factor that may be applied if the NOEL was not
established
F5 = 1 for a NOEL, F5 = 1-5 for a NOAEL, F5 = 5-10 for a LOEL, F5 = 10
for a Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL)

Established PDEs for Elemental
Impurities
Permitted Daily Exposures for Elemental Impurities
https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q3dr1-elemental-
impurities
Element Class Oral PDE (µg/g) Parenteral PDE
(µg/g)
Inhalation PDE
(µg/g)
Cd 1 5 2 3
Pd 1 5 5 5
As 1 15 15 2
Hg 1 30 3 1
Co 2A 50 5 3
V 2A 100 10 1
Ni 2A 200 20 5
Tl 2B 8 8 8
Au 2B 100 100 1
Pd 2B 100 10 1
Ir 2B 100 10 1
Os 2B 100 10 1
Rh 2B 100 10 1
Ru 2B 100 10 1

Impurities
Permitted Daily Exposures for Elemental Impurities
impurities
Element Class Oral PDE
(µg/day)
Parenteral PDE
(µg/day)
Inhalation PDE
(µg/day)
Se 2B 150 80 130
Ag 2B 150 10 7
Pt 2B 100 10 1
Li 3 550 250 25
Sb 3 1200 90 20
Ba 3 1400 700 300
Mo 3 3000 1500 10
Cu 3 3000 300 30
Sn 3 6000 600 60
Cr 3 11000 1100 3

Impurities
Permitted Concentrations of Elemental Impurities
impurities
Element Class Oral Concentration
µg/g
Parenteral Concentration
µg/g
Inhalation
Concentration µg/g
Cd 1 0.5 0.2 0.3
Pd 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
As 1 15 1.5 0.2
Hg 1 3 0.3 0.1
Co 2A 5 0.5 0.3
V 2A 10 0.1 0.1
Ni 2A 20 2 0.5
Tl 2B 0.8 0.8 0.8
Au 2B 10 10 0.1
Pd 2B 10 1 0.1
Ir 2B 10 1 0.1
Os 2B 10 1 0.1
Rh 2B 10 1 0.1

Impurities
Permitted Concentrations of Elemental Impurities
impurities
Element Class Oral
Concentration
µg/g
Parenteral
Concentration
µg/g
Inhalation
Concentration
µg/g
Ru 2B 10 1 0.1
Se 2B 15 8 13
Ag 2B 15 1 0.7
Pt 2B 10 1 0.1
Li 3 55 25 2.5
Sb 3 120 9 2
Ba 3 140 70 30
Mo 3 300 150 1
Cu 3 300 30 3
Sn 3 600 60 6
Cr 3 1100 110 0.3

Instrumentation for Determination of
Elemental Impurities
➢ This is predominantly a single-element technique for the analysis
of liquid samples that uses a flame to generate ground-state
atoms.
➢ The sample is aspirated into the flame via a nebulizer and a spray
chamber. The ground-state atoms of the sample absorb light of a
particular wavelength, either from an element-specific, hollow
cathode lamp or a continuum source lamp.
➢ The amount of light absorbed is measured by a monochromator
(optical system) and detected by a photomultiplier tube or solid-
state detector, which converts the photons into an electrical
signal.

Elemental Impurities Continued…
➢ As in all atomic spectroscopy techniques, this signal is used to
determine the concentration of that element in the sample, by
comparing it to calibration or reference standards.
➢ FAA typically uses a liquid sample flow of about 2–5 mL/min and
is capable of handling in excess of 10% total dissolved solids,
although for optimum performance it is best to keep the solids
down below 2%.
➢ For the majority of elements, its detection capability is 1–100 ppb
with an analytical range up to 10–1000 ppm, depending on the
absorption wavelength used.

➢ However, it is not really suitable for the determination of the
halogens, nonmetals like carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus, and has
very poor detection limits for the refractory, rare earth, and
transuranic elements. Sample throughput for 15 elements per
sample is typically 10 samples per hour.
https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/determining-elemental-impurities-pharmaceutical-
materials-how-choose-right-technique

Electro-thermal Atomization
➢ This is also mainly a single-element technique, although multi-
element instrumentation is now available.
➢ It works on the same principle as FAA, except that the flame is
replaced by a small heated tungsten filament or graphite tube.

➢ The other major difference is that in ETA, a very small sample
(typically, 50 μL) is injected onto the filament or into the tube,
and not aspirated via a nebulizer and a spray chamber. Because
the ground-state atoms are concentrated in a smaller area, more
absorption takes place.
➢ The result is that ETA offers detection capability at the 0.01–1 ppb
level, with an analytical range up to 10–100 ppb. The elemental
coverage limitations of the technique are similar to the FAA
technique.

➢ However, because a heated graphite tube is used for atomization
in most commercial instruments, it cannot determine the
refractory, rare earth, and transuranic elements because they
tend to form stable carbides that cannot be readily atomized.
➢ One of the added benefits is that ETA can also analyze slurries and
some solids because no nebulization process is involved in
introducing the sample.
➢ This technique is not ideally suited for multi-element analysis
because it takes 3–4 min to determine one element per sample.
As a result, sample throughput for 15 elements is in the order of
one sample per hour.

➢ Hydride generation (HG) is a very useful analytical technique to
determine the hydride forming metals, such as As, Bi, Sb, Se, and
Te, usually by AA (although detection by either ICP-OES or ICP-MS
can also be used).
➢ In this technique, the analytes in the sample matrix are first
reacted with a very strong reducing agent, such as sodium
borohydride, to release their volatile hydrides, which are then
swept into a heated quartz tube for atomization.

➢ The tube is heated either by a flame or a small oven that creates
the ground state atoms of the element of interest and then
measures by atomic absorption.
➢ When used with ICP-OES or ICP-MS, the volatile hydrides are
passed directly in the plasma for excitation or ionization.

➢ By choosing the optimum chemistry, mercury can also be reduced
in solution in this way to generate elemental mercury.
➢ This is known as the cold vapor (CV) technique. HGAA and CVAA
can improve the detection for these elements compared to FAA
by up to three orders of magnitude, achieving detection
capability of 0.005–0.1 ppb with an analytical range up to 5–100
ppb, depending on the element of interest.

➢ It should also be pointed out that dedicated mercury analyzers
(some using gold amalgamation techniques), coupled with atomic
absorption or atomic fluorescence are capable of better detection
limits.
➢ Because of the on-line chemistry involved, these techniques are
very time-consuming and are normally used in conjunction with
FAA.

References
1. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Pharmacopeial
Forum, Nov-Dec 1989. (https://www.uspnf.com/pharmacopeial-
forum, Accessed on: Sep. 03, 2020)
2. IPCS. Assessing Human Health Risks of Chemicals: Derivation of
Guidance Values for Health-based Exposure Limits,
Environmental Health Criteria 170. International Programme on
Chemical Safety. World Health Organization, Geneva. 1994.
(http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc170.htm,
Accessed on: Sep. 03, 2020)
3. Thomas R. Determining Elemental Impurities in Pharmaceutical
Materials: How to Choose the Right Technique. Spectroscopy
30(3), 2015, 42-51.

Questions
1. How to calculate PDE?
2. Write a brief note on ‘Flame Atomic Absorption’.
3. Give a brief account on permitted daily exposures for elemental
impurities?
4. Describe ‘Electrothermal Atomization’.
5. Elaborate the role of ‘Hydride Generation AA’ in detection of
elemental impurities.

THANKS
ForFurther Detail/SUGGESTIONS PleaseContact
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
(An Autonomous College)
NAAC Accredited “A” Grade College
GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga- 142001 (Pb.)
E- mail: director@isfcp.org
Website: www.isfcp.org
ISF College of Pharmacy, MOGA
05-10-2021

MPA102T Lecture 9.pdf

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