This slide contains a brief overview of Hydro-electric Power Plant in Bangladesh and all over the world.

1. 2016339034 Md. Anamul Haque
Hydroelectric
Power Plant

2. Contents
01 05
02 06
03 07
04
Present Condition Worldwide
Demand of Energy Worldwide
Distribution of Energy Sources
Fossil Fuel Disadvantages
Energy in Bangladesh Perspective
Kaptai – The Largest Hydroelectric
Power Plant in The Country
Hydroelectric Powerplant Components
07 Hydroelectric Powerplant Types

3. Present Condition
List of Countries That
Produce The Most
Hydroelectric Power
Worldwide
China
Brazil
Canada
United States
Russia
Norway
India
Venezuela
Sweden
Japan
856
411
376
276
164
140
124
81
78
74
Billion Kilowatt Hours, 2012
Source: World Economic Forum

4. Present Condition
New Installed
Capacity By Region in
the Year 2020 (MW)
Europe
Source: 2020 Hydropower Status Report by IHA
682 906
2343
5172
6443
Africa South &
Central
Asia
South
America
East Asia
& Pacific

5. Present Condition
Five Biggest
Hydroelectric
Power Plants In The
World Today
Source: www.power-technology.com
101
202
303
404
505
Three Gorges, China
- 22.5GW
Itaipu, Brazil &
Paraguay - 14GW
Xiluodu, China
- 13.86GW
Guri, Venezuela
- 10.2GW
Belo Monte, Brazil
- 9.39GW

6. Demand of Energy Worldwide
2018 World Energy
generation (26,700
TWh) by source
(IEA, 2019)
Coal
38%
Gas
23%
Hydro and Others
19%
Nuclear
10%
Solar PV & Wind
7%
Oil
3%
Coal
Gas
Hydro and Others
Nuclear
Solar PV & Wind
Oil
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/World_energy_
consumption

7. Demand of Energy Worldwide
World Energy
Consumption
Projection
1990-2040
(by eia)
quadrillion btu

8. Demand of Energy Worldwide
World Energy
Consumption
1965-2019 by
region
(source: eia)
terawatt-hours
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019

9. Distribution of Energy Sources (Coal)
Coal-fired plants produce
electricity by burning coal in a
boiler to produce steam. The
steam produced, under
tremendous pressure, flows into
a turbine, which spins a
generator to create electricity.
China, the most populous and
the biggest energy consuming
country, is also the world's
biggest coal importer followed
by Japan and India.
Fig: The process of a coal fired power plant to convert coal into electricity

10. Distribution of Energy Sources (Gas)
Natural gas is primarily used in
the northern hemisphere. North
America and Europe are major
consumers.
Power generation, domestic
use, transportation, fertilizers,
hydrogens, animal and fish feed
are some of the common uses
of it.
Fig: Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 (Wikipedia)

11. Distribution of Energy Sources (Hydro)
Around 10% of the world's
electricity is generated by about
440 nuclear power reactors.
About 50 more reactors are
under construction, equivalent
to approximately 15% of existing
capacity. In 2018 nuclear plants
supplied 2563 TWh of
electricity, up from 2503 TWh in
2017.
Fig: Share of primary energy from hydroelectric power (2018)

12. Distribution of Energy Sources (Solar)
About 23 percent of
incoming solar energy is
absorbed in the atmosphere
by water vapor, dust, and
ozone, and 48 percent
passes through the
atmosphere and is absorbed
by the surface. Thus, about
71 percent of the total
incoming solar energy is
absorbed by the Earth
system.
Fig: Distribution of Solar Energy Sources

13. Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Dangerous to Produce
Exploding refineries and oil rigs
Water Pollution & Oil spills
Water table poisoning from fracking
Air Pollution & Smog
Acid Rain
Mercury Emissions
Global Warming
10 Land Use and the Impact on Wildlife
Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable

14. Energy in Bangladesh Perspective
The power sector in Bangladesh is highly dependent on fossil fuels, as natural gas and coal are the dominating sources
for power generation in the country[2]. About 62.9% of Bangladeshi generated electricity comes from natural gas, while
10% is from diesel, 5% comes from coal, 3% of heavy oil, and 3.3% is of renewable sources[2].
Despite the fact that the Bangladeshi energy sector uses and covers varied products; electricity, petroleum products,
natural gas, coal, biomass and solar, yet the policy and decision makers are mostly pre-occupied with electricity, as it is
the most common used form of energy in the country[5]. Thus, because there is a continuous and rapidly widening gap
between electricity supply and demand, therefore it is a major challenge for the energy sector in Bangladesh[5].
In 2016, the total number of consumers connected to the grid is 21.8 million. Out of the 21.8 million, 16 million are
domestic connections (households), which would represent roughly 50% of all Bangladeshi households (30-40 million).
Another 15% of the households have access to off-grid electricity.
Currently 3% of the power generation is based on coal. In future, this share shall grow to 21% by 2020 and 50% by
2030 according to the seventh 5-years plan published in 2015. 8% (2020) and 10% (2030) shall be based on nuclear
power. Source: energypedia.info

15. Energy in Bangladesh Perspective
Bangladesh's energy
production, from both
different oil products and
biofuels, is almost steady
along the past two
decades, while natural gas
is gaining more
dependency and
accelerating since the early
2000s.
Fig: Bangladesh's Total Primary Energy Supply by Source 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

16. Energy in Bangladesh Perspective
Bangladesh's energy
production, from both
different oil products and
biofuels, is almost steady
along the past two
decades, while natural gas
is gaining more
dependency and
accelerating since the early
2000s.
Natural Gas
69%
Furnace Oil
21%
Diesel
7%
Coal
3%
Natural Gas
Furnace Oil
Diesel
Coal

17. Energy in Bangladesh Perspective (Vision)
“The present government’s vision is to supply uninterrupted electricity to all citizens by 2021 with a view to turning Bangladesh into a middle
income country,” State Minister for Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Nasrul Hamid, told. He said the government has been
implementing a master-plan to generate 24,000-MW electricity by 2021, 40,000-MW by 2030 and 60,000-MW by 2041, to improve the
livelihood of all sections of the people, particularly the poor and vulnerable communities.
“The number of power plants now rose to 126 having generation capacity of 20,430 MW (including captive), which was only 27 with a mere
4,942 MW capacity when Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina took office in 2009,” Nasrul said.
According to the ministry sources, over two crore people have been brought under power coverage through 53 lakh solar home systems
and presently 55 power plants having 13,654 MW electricity generation capacity are under construction.
Besides, tender is being processed for setting up more 23 power plants having 7,461 MW capacity. The government has also undertaken a
plant to construct 19 power plants with 20,156 MW generation capacity, it said.
The state minister said the government is also working to increase gas production alongside importing liquefied natural gas (LNG) to meet
the domestic energy demand, adding, “We have added LNG to the national grid and initiative underway to bring more LNG from different
countries.”
He said in the first phase, 500 mmcfd LNG was used in Chattogram region, while 500 mmcfd LNG would be supplied soon in the second
phase.
Source: energybangla.com

18. Kaptai Dam (Hydroelectric PP in BD)
Kaptai Dam (Bengali: কাপ্তাই বাাঁ ধ) is on the
Karnaphuli River at Kaptai, 65 kilometres
(40 mi) upstream from Chittagong in
Rangamati District, Bangladesh. It is an
earth-fill embankment dam with a reservoir
(known as Kaptai Lake) water storage
capacity of 6,477 million cubic metres
(5,251,000 acre⋅ft). The primary purpose of
the dam and reservoir was to generate
hydroelectric power. Construction was
completed in 1962. The generators in the
230 megawatts (310,000 hp) Karnafuli
Hydroelectric Power Station were
commissioned between 1962 and 1988. It is
the only hydroelectric power station in
Bangladesh.
Fig: Kaptai Dam in 2020

19. Kaptai Dam (Hydroelectric PP in BD)
Dam volume: 1,977,000 m3 (69,800,000 cu ft)
Installed capacity: 230 MW (310,000 hp)
Location: Kaptai, Rangamati District
Spillway capacity: 16,000 m3/s (570,000 cu ft/s)
Turbines: 2 x 40 MW (54,000 hp), 3 x 50 MW (67,000 hp) Kaplan-type
The power available from this dam has accelerated the establishment and expansion of industries in Bangladesh and
has resulted in an appreciable saving in foreign exchange required for the import of manufactured goods. The power
generated also permits pumping of water to achieve widespread irrigation and drainage. The reservoir storage
designed to prevent serious flood has already saved the city of Chittagong from severe damage. The Kaptai Lake
continues to serve as a good and important source for fish production. Recent study in 2007 showed that 74
freshwater fish species and 2 prawn species are available. In the year 2007-2008 about 8250 MT of fishes are
produced by Kaptai reservoir.

20. Kaptai Dam (Hydroelectric PP in BD)
Hydroelectric
Power:
How it Works
(The Process)
Fig: A General Layout of A Hydroelectric Power Plant

21. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Basic Elements:
• Catchment Area
• Reservoir
• Dam
• Trace rack
• Forebay
• Surge tank
• Penstock
• Spillway
• Turbine
• Powerhouse
Fig: Hydroelectric Power Plant Process

22. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
The whole area
behind the clam
training into a stream
as river across which
the dam has been
built at suitable place
is called catchments
area.
Catchment Area
Fig: Catchment Area

23. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
A reservoir is employed to store water
which is further utilized to
generate power by running the
hydroelectric turbines.
• In a reservoir the water collected from
the catchment area is stored behind a
dam.
• Catchment area gets its water from
rain and streams.
• The level of water surface in the
reservoir is called Head water level.
Note : Continuous availabilityof water
is a basic necessity for a hydro-electric
power plant.
Reservoir
Fig: Reservoir

24. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
A dam is a barrier which confines or
raise water for storage or diversion to
create a hydraulic head.
Dam’s are generally made of concrete,
Stone masory, Rockfill or Timber.
• The purpose of the dam is to store
the water and to regulate the out
going flow of water.
• The dam helps to store all the
incoming water. It also helps to
increase the head of the water. In
order to generate a required
quantity of power it is necessary
that a sufficient head is available.
Dam
Fig: Different types of dams

25. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
1. Water ways are the passages, through which the water is conveyed to the turbines
from the dam. These may include tunnels, canals, flumes,
forebays and penstocks and also surge tanks.
2. A forebay is an enlarged passage for drawing the water from the reservoir or the
river and giving it to the pipe lines or canals.
Water Ways

26. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
• Spillways are passages which allows
the excess water to flow to a storage
area away from the dam.
• A Spillway is an integral part of a
dam.
• Excess accumulation of water
endangers the stability of dam
construction. Also in order to avoid
the over flow of water out of the
dam especially during rainy seasons
spillways are provided. This prevents
the rise of water level in the dam.
Spillway

27. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
A Surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which the water
level rises or
falls due to sudden changes in pressure.
Purpose of surge tank:
• To serve as a supply tank to the turbine when the water
in the pipe is accelerated during increased load
conditions and as a storage tank when the water is
decelerating during reduced load conditions.
• To reduce the distance between the free water surface
in the dam and the turbine, thereby reducing the water-
hammer effect on penstock and also protect the
upstream tunnel from high pressure rise.
Surge Tank
Fig: Different Surge Tanks

28. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Water-hammer effect:
The water hammer is defined as the
change in pressure rapidly above or
below normal pressure caused by
sudden change in the rate of water
flow through the pipe, according to
the demand of prime mover i.e.
turbine
Surge Tank
Fig: Water Hammer effect

29. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Penstocks are the water conductor conduit of suitable
size connecting the surge shaft to main inlet valve.
• It allows water to the turbine through main inlet valve.
• At the end of the penstock a drainage valve is provided
which drains water from penstock to the draft tube.
• In case of long penstock and high head, butterfly valve
is provided just before the penstock.
• It takes off from the surge shaft in addition to spherical
valve at the end of the penstock acting as the main inlet
valve.
Penstock
Fig: Penstock in Power Plant

30. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
The thickness of penstock depend on water
head and hoop stress allowed in the material.
t = 𝑝.𝑑/2𝑓𝜂
Where,
t= Penstock thickness
d= Dia of penstock
𝑓= Permissible stress
p= Pressure due to water including water
hammer.
Factors for Selecting number of penstocks:
• Economy.
• Operational safety.
• Transportation facilities.
Penstock
Fig: Penstock in Power Plant

31. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
• Enlarged body of water provided in
front of penstock.
• Provided in case of run off river plants
and storage plants.
• Main function to store water which is
rejected by plant.
• Power house located closed to dam
penstock directly take water from
reservoir, reservoir act as forebay.
Forebay
Fig: Design of a Typical Forebay

32. Elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant
The power house is a building in which the turbines, alternators
and the auxiliary plant are housed. Some important items of
equipment provided in the power house are as follows:
i. Turbines
ii. Generators
iii. Governors
iv. Relief valve for penstock setting
v. Gate valve
vi. Transformer
vii. Switch board equipment and instruments
viii. Oil circuit breaker
ix. Storage batteries
x. Outgoing connections
xi. Cranes
xii. Shops & offices
Powerhouse
The surface power house has been
broadly divided into three
subdivisions which is separated
from the intake as mentioned
below:
(a) Substructure ;
(b) Intermediate structure ;
(c) Super-structure.

33. Types of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Hydro-electric Power Plant
Availability of
Flow
Availability of
Water Head
According to The
Loading type
Run off river power
plants without pondage
Run off river power
plants with pondage
Reservoir power plants
Low Head Base Load
Peak LoadMedium Head
High Head Pumped storage plants
for the peak load

34. Types of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Run off river power plants without pondage:
A run of river plant without pondage as the name indicates does not store water and uses the water as it comes. There is
no control on flow of water so that during high floods or low loads water is wasted while during low run off the plant
capacity the utility of these plants is much less than those of other types.
Run off river power plants with pondage:
The usefulness of run-off river power plants is increased by pondage. Pondage refers to storage at the plant which
makes it possible to cope, hour to hour, with fluctuations of load throughout a week or some longer period depending on
the size of pondage.
Reservoir power plants:
Most hydroelectric power plant in the world is reservoir power plant. This type of plant, water is stored behind the dam
and water is available throughout the year even in dry season. This type of power plant is very efficient and it is used
both base and peak load period as per requirement. Most importantly, it can also take a part of load curve in grid system.
Availability of Flow

35. Types of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Low Head Hydro PP: Low head hydropower refers to the
development of hydroelectric power where the head is
typically less than 20 meters, although precise definitions vary.
Medium Head Hydro PP: A forebay is used for medium head
hydro electric power plant. This forebay is worked as a surge
tank. Forebay is tapped with the river and water is led to the
turbine via penstock. Forebay is just beginning of penstock.
For low head plant forebay itself serves as a surge tank.
High Head Hydro PP: Differences of 100 meters or higher are
considered high head. In this type of plant, water travelling
through the turbine comes from a significantly higher
elevation, meaning that the system needs a smaller volume of
water to produce an equivalent amount of energy.
Fig: Low Head Hydro PP Fig: Medium Head Hydro PP
Fig: High Head Hydro PP
Availability of Water Head

36. Types of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Base load hydro electric power plant:
This is a large capacity power plant. This plant work as a base portion of load curve of power system, that's why it is called base load
plants. Base load plant is suitable for constant load. Load factor of this plant is high and it is performed as a block load. Run off river plants
without pondage and reservoir plants are used as base load plants.
Peak load hydro electric power plant:
This plant is suitable for peak load curve of power system. When demand is high, this type of plant do their job very well. Run off river
plants with pondage can be employed as peak load plants. If water supply is available, it generates large portion of load at a peak load
period. It needs huge storage area. Reservoir plants can be used as peak load plants. This type of plant can serve power throughout the
year.
Pumped storage hydro electric power plant for the peak load:
This is unique design of peak load plants. Here two types of water pond is used, called upper head water pond and tail water pond. Two
water ponds are connected each other by a penstock. Main generating pumping plant is lower end. During the off load period, surplus
energy of this plant is utilized to pumping the lower head pond water to upper head pond water. This extra water is used to generate
energy at pick load periods. By doing this arrangement, same water is used again and again. Extra water is required only to take care of
evaporation and seepage.
According to The Loading type

37. Thank You.