Fundamentals of computer

1. Question :
What Has Many Keys But
Can’t even Open a single
door?

2. Answer :
The Computer

3. UNIT 1:
Introduction to Computer and
Operating System

4. What do you think when you
hear the word “computer”?

5. • Computers come in many shapes and sizes,
and they perform many different functions
in our daily lives.
• When you withdraw cash from an ATM,
scan groceries at the store, or use a
calculator, you're using a type of computer.

6. What is Computer?
• A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data.

7. The two principal characteristics of a
computer :
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in
a well-defined manner
• It can execute a prerecorded list of
instructions (a program).

8. Classification of Computers:
• Personal Computer (PC)
• Workstation
• Minicomputer
• Mainframe
• Supercomputer

10. Personal Computer (PC)

11. Workstation

12. Minicomputer

13. Mainframe Computer

14. Supercomputer

15. Characteristics of Computer:
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Memory
• Power of Remembering
• Versatility
• Integrity
• No Feelings

16. Block diagram of Computer

17. Basic Organisation of Computer System

18. Computer Components:
• Input Unit
• Process Unit: 1. ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
2. CU (Control Unit)
3. MU (Memory Unit)
• Output Unit

19. 1.Input Unit:
• Input unit is used for entering data into computer
• It makes link between user and computer
• It translates information
• E.g.: Keyboard,Mouse,Joystick,Light
Pen,Trackball,Scanner,Graphic tablet etc

20. 2.Process Unit:
• Arithmetic and Logical operations
• CPU is the Heart of Computer System
• CPU itself has three components
a.ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
b.MU (Memory Unit)
c.CU (Control Unit)

21. 3.Output Unit:
• We get information from Computer
• It is a link between Computer and users
• It translates information
• E.g. :Monitor, Printer etc

22. Computer Generations
1.First Generation(1942-1955)
2.Second Generation (1955-1964)
3.Third Generation (1964-1975)
4.Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
5.Fifth Generation (1989 onwards)

23. 1.First Generation(1942-1955)

24. 2. Second Generation (1955-1964)

25. 3. Third Generation (1964-1975)

26. 4. Fourth Generation (1975-1989)

27. 5. Fifth Generation (1989 onwards)

28. Advantages of Computer:
• High Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage Capability
• Diligence
• Automation
• Reduction in Paper work
• Reduction in cost
• Reliability
• Versatility

29. Disadvantages of Computer:
• No intelligence
• Environment
• No feelings
• Dependency

30. Applications:
1.Business 6. Insurance
2.Banking 7. Health care
3.Engineering Design 8.Communication
4.Education 9. Marketing
5.Military 10. Government

31. Computer System Hardware

33. Relationship between Hardware and Software

34. Computer Memory
• A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions.
• Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where
data is to be processed and instructions required for processing
are stored.
• The memory is divided into large number of small parts called
cells.
• Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from
zero to memory size minus one.
• For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory
unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of
these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

36. Memory is primarily of three types −
1.Cache Memory
2.Primary Memory/Main Memory
3.Secondary Memory