2. What is Computer?
Computer is a electronic machine
(device). Which takes input (data)
from user and process it according
to given instructions (program), then gives
specific output or result (information) for user.
INPUT
DEVICE
OUTPUT
DEVICE
PROCESS
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
CPU
PROCESSOR
MONITOR
(SOFTCOPY)
PRINTER
(HARDCOPY)
75+25
DATA INFO
100
3. What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic device which is
capable of doing arithmetic calculations,
taking logical decisions and giving very
accurate results. It can also store a large
volume of data for a long time.
Father of Computer Charles Babbage
4. Computer…
Comes from the word “compute”
Compute means “to calculate”
So Computer is calculating device
Perform calculations at enormous speed
Computer is device that operates upon “Data” or “Information”
e.g. preparing results, calculations, transactions, scientific work etc
Computer can input “Data”
Computer can process “Data”
Computer can store “Data”
Computer can retrieve “Data”
Finally…
Computer can be termed as “Data Processor”
5. What is Computer?
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data
as input from the user and processes these data under the
control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the
result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can
process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and
logical) calculations.
A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data (Input)
b. processes data (Processing)
c. produces output (Output)
d. stores results (Storage)
6. Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input
devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally
internal process of the computer system.
Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing.
Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for
the future use.
Computer System: All of the components of a computer system can be
summarized with the simple equations.
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices All physical parts of the
computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware.
• Software = Programs Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.
• USER = Person, who operates computer.
7. Characteristics of a Computer
• Speed (Millions of Instructions Per Seconds IMPS)
• Accuracy & Reliability (Without Error & 100% Correct)
• Diligence (Tiredness)
• Versatility (Can Perform many types of works)
• Power of remembering & Storing (Able to store large amount of data)
• Automation (Can perform task itself with given instructions like Program)
• No IQ (No intelligence of its own, unthinkable)
• No Feelings (No emotions)
• Reduction in cost
8. …Characteristics of Computer…
Speed…
Fast device
Work done at enormous speed as compare to human beings
Speed of computer is measured in terms of microseconds (10-6),
nanoseconds(10-9) and even picoseconds (10-12)
Shortly 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic operations per seconds
9. …Characteristics of Computer…
Accuracy…
Works with the highest Accuracy
Accuracy depends upon the “Design of Computer”
Errors occurred are mostly “Human Errors” rather than “Technological
Errors”
Human Errors are like wrong command, inaccurate data input etc
10. …Characteristics of Computer…
Diligence…
Free from “Monotony”
Free from “Tiredness”
Free from lack of “Concentration”
Speed and Accuracy of first calculation will be the same as millionth
calculation in a row
12. …Characteristics of Computer…
Power of Remembering…
Unlike human being Computer can store tremendous/huge amount
of data
Can recall required data even stored years before in no time
Doesn't differentiate “Important” & “Not Important”
Loss or Deletion of data is done by User
13. …Characteristics of Computer…
Reduction in cost…
Initial investment is high
Reduce the cost of each transaction
Reduce the man power and space requirements
Greater efficiency
14. …Characteristics of Computer…
No IQ…
Not a thinking machine
Not Intelligent
Never does a task at its own
Follow human Instructions
15. …Characteristics of Computer…
No Feeling…
Follow human/programmer Instructions
Never decides at its own will
No taste
No knowledge
No emotion
16. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Offices
Books Publication
Data Analysis Graphics
CAM (Computer Aided
Manufacture)
Data Base Management
Project Management
Communications
Education
Medical Field
Airways and Railways
Industrial Control and
Instrumentation
Military
Banks
Design and Research
Work
Ticket Reservation
Other Applications
18. FIRST GENERATION (1951-1959)
Advantage :-
i) Vacuum tubes were the only electronic
components available during those days.
ii) Vacuum tubes technology made possible
the advent of electronic digital computers
iii) These computers were the fastest
calculating devices of their time. They
could perform computations in milli
seconds.
Disadvantage:-
i) Too bulky in size
ii) Unreliable.
iii) Thousands of vacuum tubes that were
used emitted large amount of heat and
brunt out frequently
iv) Air conditioning required
v) Non-portable
vi) Commercial production was difficult and
costly.
VACUUME TUBE
19. SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963)
Advantages:-
Smaller in size as compared to first
generation.
More-reliable.
Less heat generated.
Better portability.
Disadvantage:-
Air-conditioning required
Frequent maintenance required.
Commercial production was difficult
and costly.TRANSISTOR
20. THIRD GENERATION (1963-1975)
Advantage:-
Smaller in size as compared to previous generation
computers
Even more reliable than second- generation
computers.
Even lower heat generated than second- generation
computers.
These computers were able to reduce computational
times form microseconds to nanoseconds.
Maintenance cost is low because hardware failure is
rare.
Easily portable
Totally general purpose. Widely used for various
commercial applications all over the world
Less power requirement than previous generation
computers.
Disadvantages:-
Air-condition required in any cases.
Highly sophisticated technology required for the
manufacture of IC chips.
IC
21. FOUTH GENERATION (1975- TODAY)
Advantages:
Smallest in size because of high component
density.
Very reliable.
No air conditioning required in most cases.
Hardware failure is negligible and hence
minimal maintenance is required.
Easily portable because of their small size.
Totally several purpose
Cheapest among all generations.
Disadvantages:
Highly sophisticated technology required
for the manufacture of VLSI Chips
22. FIFTH GENERATION (UPCOMING)
Advantages:
Use of very large integrated
circuits.
Lap Top computers were
introduced in 1990.
Artificial intelligence was
conceptualized.
Cheaper for common man.
RAM and Storage capacity
unlimited.
23. •When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a
need for a calculating device. The first calculating device,
which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the
improvements in the calculating device in that age were
slow. The next change came after about 1600 years.
Following this, the changes were frequent and the
mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800
A.D.
•In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of the
computer, developed a machine called analytical engine
which was the vase for the modern digital computer.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
25. A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a
representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on
each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings
represent the 2 hands.
37. Mainframes are the very largest computers - million dollar machines, which can
occupy more than one room, An example is IBM model 390.
Workstations are powerful user machines. They have the power to handle
complex engineering applications. They use the UNIX or sometimes the NT
operating system. Workstations can be equipped with powerful RISC processors
like Digital Alpha or MIPS.
Minicomputers are large powerful machines. They typically serve a network of
simple terminals. IBM's AS/400 is an example of a minicomputer.
Microcomputer are Small inexpensive, mass produced computers. They work on
DOS, Windows, or similar operating systems. They are used for standard
applications.
Types of Computer
39. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER
1.HARDWARE
1.INPUT DEVICE
2.OUTPUT DEVICE
3.CPU/ PROCESSOR
4.MEMORY DEVICE
2.SOFTWARE
1.SYSTEM SOFTWARE
2.APPLICATION SOFTWARE
40. HARDWARE
Hardware includes the parts of the computer system that you
actually can touch (like the keyboard, mouse, monitor, or
CPU).
1.INPUT DEVICE
2.OUTPUT DEVICE
3.CPU/ PROCESSOR
4.MEMORY DEVICE
50. CPU/ PROCESSOR
CPU is called central processing unit. It is also called a
processor. It is also Known as brain or heart of the Computer. It
is perform
many tasks, Arithmetical calculations,
logical & Control all another parts of
the Computer. It can also handle
scientific Tasks. It can handle large
calculations.
Many companies makes CPU:
1. Intel (Integrated Electronics)
2. AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
3. IBM (International Business Machine)
4. Qualcomm
But Intel is most popular Processor Manufacturer Company
51. History of Intel Corporation
Intel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated
Electronics (the fact that "intel" is the term for intelligence information also
made the name appropriate).[5] Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network
interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips,
Embedded processors and other devices related to communications and
computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon
Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew
Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge
manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to
engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s
made it a household name, along with its Pentium processors.
52. INTEL MICROPROCESSOR GENERATIONS
•The 4-bit processors (4004)
•The 8-bit processors (8008)
•Microcontrollers
•The bit-slice processor
•The 16-bit processors: MCS-86 family (8086, 8088)
•32-bit processors: the non-x86 microprocessors
•32-bit processors: the 80386 range
•32-bit processors: the 80486 range
•32-bit processors: P5 microarchitecture (Pentium PRO)
•32-bit processors: P6/Pentium (Pentium ii, Pentium iii)
54. 1. PENTIUM PRO (1995-1998)
2. PENTIUM ii (1997-2000)
3. PENTIUM iii (1998-2004)
4. PENTIUM 4 (2000-2006)
5. PENTIUM D (2006-2008)
6. CORE 2 DUO (2006-2008)
7. CORE i SERIES (2009-PRESENT)
55. Types of Intel Processors
Intel Atom (PC & Mobile, Low Watt) *
Intel Celeron (PC & Mobile, Low Budget) *
Intel Pentium (PC & Mobile, Medium Budget) **
Intel Core i3 (PC & Mobile, Low-Medium Budget) ***
Intel Core i5 (PC & Mobile, Medium-High Budget) ****
Intel Core i7 (PC & Mobile, High Budget) *****
Intel Core i7 E (PC & Mobile, High End Budget) ******
Intel Xeon (Server, High End Budget) *******
56. CPU
DATA INFO
(10+40) (50)
1.ARITHEMATIC & LOGICAL UNIT (ALU)
2.CONTROL UNIT (CU)
3.MEMORY UNIT (MU) (CACHE MEMORY)
ALU CU
MU Cache (1MB-12MB)
SOME REGISTORS
(1BIT)
58. MEMORY DEVICE (Storage Unit )
Memory device, it is very important part
of the computer. Which can store data
and results for temporarily or
permanently. It is depend on types of
memory. Any storage unit of a computer
is ranked according to following criteria
1. Access Time
2. Storage capacity
3. Cost per bit of storage
59. Access Time
It is the time required to locate and retrieve
stored data from the storage unit in response
to the program instruction. A faster access is
preferred.
60. Storage Capacity
It is the amount of data that can be stored
on a storage unit. A larger capacity is
desired
Cost per unit of storage
Goal is to minimize this cost
61. Types of memory device
Basically two types of memory device:
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory
62. PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary memory is special type of memory.
A primary storage is made of several small
areas called locations or cells . Each of these
locations is capable of storing fixed number of
bits called word length. Two types of primary
memory:
1. RAM (random access memory) (external RAM)
2. ROM (read only memory)
3. Cache memory (static ram) (internal RAM -
inbuilt)
63. RAM (Random access memory)
RAM is called random access memory. It is so called because
it is possible to randomly select and use any location of
the memory to directly store and retrieve data and instructions.
It is called read/write memory because information can be
read and written into it. Contents of RAM are volatile. In which
store data (electronically) very fast rapidly. Which means
data read & write very fast. It store data in form of
electrical. So, if power is cut-off. Then, our data
is lost. But, its store data only temporarily.
So, we used to secondary memory to store
or save our data & results permanently. It is faster than
secondary memory. But slower than cache memory.
64. TYPES OF RAM:
1. DRAM (DYNAMIC RAM) - REFRESH REQUIRED
2. SDRAM (STATIC DYNAMIC RAM) – NOT REQUIRED
3. DDR RAM (DOUBLE DATA RATE RAM)
65. It is the memory in which information is permanently stored .
The information from the memory can only be read and it is
not possible to write information into it. When the power
supply is switched off the information is not lost unlike RAM.
In ROM special programs are written called micro programs.
They are written to aid the control unit in directing the
operations of a computer system. ROM is used by the
manufacturer for storing the micro programs.
66. Types of ROM:
There of two types of ROM:
PROM(Programmable ROM)
EPROM(Erasable PROM)
EPROM(Electronically EPROM)
67. PROM(Programmable ROM)
ROM chips are supplied by the manufacturer
and it is not possible for a customer to
Modify the programs stored inside ROM
chip. But the user can convert his programs to
Micro programs and store them in PROM chip. PROM
is programmed to record the information using
a facility called the PROM programmer. But
once the chip has been programmed , the
information cannot be changed and the PROM
becomes ROM.
68. EPROM(Erasable PROM)
It is possible to erase the information stored in
an EPROM chip and the chip can be
reprogrammed to store the information
Using PROM programmer. Information
stored in EPROM is erased by exposing
the chip for sometime in Ultra violet light.
PROM is mainly used by R & D personnel.
70. A very high speed memory is sometimes used to increase
the speed of processing by making the current programs
and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate . The CPU
speed is quite high as compared to the access time of
main memory. Cache memory is used to compensate for
the mismatch. It is a small memory between the CPU and
main memory whose access time to close to the
processing speed of CPU. It is not addressable by the user
and is very expensive.
71. SECONDARY MEMORY
It is second type of computer memory. Which able to
store data or result for long period of time permanently.
Our data are store in secondary memory in magnetic
form. It have many types of memory devices:
1. HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) (40GB – 1TB)
2. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD) (1-2 MB)
3. CD (COMPACT DISC) (702 MB)
4. DVD (DIGITAL VIDEO DISC) (4.7 GB)
5. PEN DRIVE (PD) (4GB-64GB)
6. MEMORY SD CARD (4GB-64GB)
7. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) (256KB-512KB)
73. Unit Abbreviation Size Symbol Equivalent
Bit — — —
An atom or speck, the smallest
unit of memory.
Byte — 8 bits
A single letter, a number, or a
symbol.
Kilobyte K or KB 1,024 bytes
A one-page, double-spaced
letter.
Megabyte M or MB 1,048,576 bytes A best-selling novel.
Gigabyte G or GB 1,073,741,824 bytes An encyclopedia set.
Terabyte T or TB 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes A bookstore.
74. Bits???
1/16/2015
Each 0 or 1 is called a bit. Bit is an abbreviation of
the expression BInary digiT. It is called binary,
since it is derived from the binary number system:
0 1 bit
1 1 bit
0110 4 bit
01101011 8 bit
75. Bytes???
All types of Characters like Alphabets, Numbers &
Symbols are expressed in 0's and 1's. Bits are
organized in groups of 8. A group of 8 bits is called
a byte. 8 bits = 1 byte, that is the system.
Eg:
Character Bit pattern Byte number
$ 00100100 36
. 00101110 46
1 00110001 49
2 00110010 50
A 01000001 65
B 01000010 66
a 01100001 97
b 01100010 98
