1st generation of computers (Based on Vacuum tubes) 2nd generation of computers (Based on Transistors) 3rd generation of computers (Based on Integrated circuits ICs) 4th generation of computers (Based on Microprocessors) 5th generation of computers (Based on Artificial Intelligence)

1. INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER
Lecture #2

2. Generations of Computers

3. Generations of Computers
 1st generation of computers (Based on Vacuum tubes)
1942-1959
 2nd generation of computers (Based on Transistors)
1959-1965
 3rd generation of computers (Based on Integrated circuits ICs)
1965-1973
 4th generation of computers (Based on Microprocessors)
since 1972
 5th generation of computers (Based on Artificial Intelligence)
In progress since 1980

4. 1st generation of computers
(Based on Vacuum tubes)-1942-1959
 In 1943, Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer (ENIAC) was built at university of
Pennsylvania.
 It contained nearly 18,000 tubes and consumed 150
Kilowatt of power.
 It was too big and weighed more than 30 tons.
 It could perform 5000 addition and hundreds of
multiplications per second.
 They used vacuum tube for the circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory.

5. Vacuum Tube

6. Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer (ENIAC)

7. 1st generation of computers
Cont..
 In 1949 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator (EDSAC) was developed.
 EDSAC was the second electronic
digital stored-program computer.
 It was the 1st computer which used stored
program concept( The concept presented
by Dr. John von Neumann).
 They worked on machine language.

8. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
(EDSAC)

9. 1st generation of computers
Cont..
 In 1944
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automa
tic Computer) was one of the
electronic stored program computer.
 It had almost 6,000 vacuum tubes, and
consumed 56 kW of power.
 It covered 490 ft² and weighed 7,850 kg.

10. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer)

11. 1st generation of computers
Cont..
 In 1951 the first commercially successful
machine , (
UNIVersal Automatic Computer UNIVAC)
was designed principally by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
 It could work 24 hours a day
 It used magnetic tape as input media.

12. , ( UNIVersal Automatic Computer UNIVAC)

13. UNIVAC Magnetic Tap

14. Shortcomings of the 1st generation
computers
 Very big in size.
 Slow in speed.
 Low reliability.
 Large power consuption.
 Difficult to maintain.

15. 2nd generation of computers
(Based on Transistors)-1959-1965
 They used transistor technology in them.
 they were small, reliable and consumed less power
and produced less heat.
 The computers could perform a single operation in
microseconds and could store huge data.
 They used magnetic tapes, magnetic dicks printers
etc.
 They used assembly and High-level programming
languages were also being developed at this time,
such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN

16. Transistor

17. IBM 704

18. 3rd generation of computers
(Based on Integrated circuits ICs)-1965-
1973
 The development of the IC was the feature of
the third generation of computers.
 An IC chip contained many components such
as transistors, diodes and resistances
interconnected with each other.
 . Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.

19. 3rd generation of computers…
 users interacted with third generation
computers
through keyboards andmonitors and interface
d with an operating system.
 The computers were smaller in size,
consumed less power and had high speed
and storage capacity.

20. IC and Diodes

21. IBM System 360 model 85

22. 4th generation of computers
(Based on Microprocessors)-1971-Present
 The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, it
controlled all memory, input/output from
the central processing unit chip.
 Fourth generation computers also used the d
GUIs, the m.ouse and handheld devices

23. 4004 chip Intel 4004, the first commercial
microprocessor.

24. microprocessor

25. microprocessor

26. 5th generation of computers (Artificial
Intelligence) Present and Beyond
 These devices are based on artificial intelligence
andare still in development.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and
they behave like human.

27. Examples