Natural rocks uses and applications as an engineering material

1. Natural Stones
‫ـة‬‫ي‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫ـ‬‫ي‬‫ـ‬‫ب‬‫ـ‬‫ط‬‫ال‬ ‫ـار‬‫ج‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ح‬‫األ‬
By : Group A
Amira Abdullah Youssef
Hagar Ibrahim Dahshan
Aya Mohamed Ahmed
Merna Ahmed El-Shafie
Group B
Nada Ahmed Hassan
Youmna Ehab
Aya Mostafa
Maiar Mohammad
Asmaa Ali
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Supervision : Prof. Dr. Kamal Gad Sharobim

2. Introduction
• Natural Stones Definition :-
In Engineering View : Rocks are the oldest material
used in building and construction .
In Geologic View : Mixture of minerals in one solid body
formed inside or outside Earth’s Crust to get three
types of rocks :
1. Igneous Rocks .
2. Metamorphic Rocks .
3. Sedimentary Rocks .

3. Types of Natural Rocks and stones
• Igneous Rocks
Granit
Basalt

4. Types of Natural Rocks and stones
• Sedimentary Rocks
Lime
Stone
Sand
Stone
Gravel

5. Types of Natural Rocks and stones
• Metamorphic Rocks
Marble
Gneiss
Slate

6. Applications of natural rocks
• Roofing
Ex: Sand stone and Slate (Slate absorbs moisture
and stands up well in contact with freezing
water/ high cost).

7. Application of natural rocks
• Aggregates of concrete
Ex: Granite, Sandstone and Basalt.
• Building stone
Ex: Granite (very expensive
and rare),
Sandstone (sphinx),
Basalt and Sandstone.

8. Application of natural rocks
• Granite as building stone
Rough-cut blocks are the least expensive and
provide a rugged appearance. Finishing the
blocks is expensive but yields a more refined
appearance.

9. • Curbing
Ex: Granite, Sandstone,
Clay stone and Slate.
• Asphalt pavement aggregates and treatment
Ex: crushed Sandstone, crushed limestone (hot
mix and warm mix) and Basalt.
Basalt geonets are designed for reinforcing road
and highway overlays to prolong the pavement life
and reduce the thickness of asphalt concrete
pavement up to 20%.
•

10.  Facing/ wall covering
Ex: Granite, Sandstone, Limestone,
Basalt, Marble and Clay stone.
 Foundation
Ex: Granite and Sandstone.
• Carvings; pillars, arches and fountains
Ex: Sandstone is ideal

11.  Insulation
Insulation: One notable characteristic of basalt is the
insulating property. The thermal protection of basalt
exceeds other organic substances thermal property.
The heat insulation value of basalt is three times
more than the asbestos and without the toxic
hazards. Its friction characteristics are a perfect
replacement for asbestos.
• Raw material for cement
Ex: Limestone , Clay .

12. Prosperities and standard
specifications
Standard SpecificationsProperities
Absorption mustn’t exceed 3% to
4.3% or 7.5% for other types
Water Absorption
2.56 to 2.45 and 2.16% for densitySpecific weight
55 , 47 , 28 respectively for types A, B,
C
Breaking resistance
6.9 , 5.2 , 3.4 respectively for types A ,
B ,C
Shear force
Corrosion resistance mustn’t exceed
1%
Corrosion resistance
Stone hardness
Color

13. Advantages
• Dithering and there is
no affect of natural
factors.
• Thermal
insulation,rigidity,and
durability.
• Limited need of
maintenance.
• Convenient to all
different climatic
conditions.
Disadvantages
• Altakuej: feature of the
exposure to decomposition and
crumble.
• Cracks: Where rocks
sometimes contain some
carbonate which make
deformation to rock’s shape.
• Colouring: Feature of
combination of several items in the
composition of rock , EX:cretaceous
material.
• Negotiable peeling.
*Advantages and Disadvantages of natural rocks:

14. Construction and installation Methods
• Using natural rocks in past was limited due to difficulty of
Formation and Transportation . With modern technology rocks
are used widely in building and decoration .
• Rocks’ Classification due to shape are
1) Ashlers : which have smooth surfaces
and determinate Geometrical Shape .
2) Rubbled : which has a random shape .

18. Tests on Stones
• Different types of tests :
 Acid test
 Attrition test
 Brad’s test
 Crushing strength test
 Crystallization test
 Freezing and thawing test
 Hardness test
 Impact test
 Microscopic test
 Smith’s test
 Specific gravity test
 Durability test

19. Acid test:
For this test about 50 to 100 grams of sample stone is immersed in a solution of
1% HCL or H2SO4 for about a weak. The sample being agitated (pressed,
disturbed) at intervals. If the edges of the stones are retained and there is no
deposition of any loose particles on the surface, it indicates that the stone is
good otherwise weak and bad.
Smith’s test:
This test is carried out to find out whether the specimen possess crystalline
structure where small stone chips are kept for about half an hour in a glass of
water filled to one third. The glass containing the specimens and water is
moved quickly by giving it a circular motion with the hand. If the specimen
gives out earthy matter and water gives milky appearance, it shows that the
stone particles are not properly cemented together.

20. Microscopic test:
This is a geological test in which a thin slice of the sample is examined under a
microscope to determine the following
 Physical properties of the stone
 The texture of the stone
 The nature of the building material of the stone
 The size, shape and nature of the individual grains or crystals
 The kind and nature of the mineral present
 The presence of pores or not

21. Hardness test:
This test is conducted to find out the resistance of stone to abrasion. The
sample piece of stone is cleaned and rubbed by a piece of rubbing
material/paper. The rubbed face of the stone is examined through a
microscope. If marks of rubbing are visible, it shows that the stone is soft and
cannot be used for roads, pavements, etc.
Fire test:
For very important buildings, fire resistance of stone is also examined. For
this test a small hut or a wall panel of stone is built. One side of it is
subjected to 950°C and the behavior of the stone under fire is studied and if
the cracks developed are deep then it should not be used for important
buildings.

22. • Crystallization or weathering test:
• For this test 04 cubic cm of different samples of
stones are first weighed and the immersed in a
14% solution of sodium sulphate ( Na2So4 ) at
room temperature for two hours and dried at
100°C, they are again weighed. This process of
weighing, immersing in salt solution, drying and
reweighing is repeated for 10 to 15 times and
the stones which are less effected by the salt
solution are supposed to have very good
weathering properties.

23. • Crushing test:
• For this test 04 cubic cm finally dressed samples of
different stones are used and made flat, horizontal
and covered with plastic of Paris. Then they are
tested in a compression testing machine where the
load applied must be axially and the change in the
blocks at the corresponding loads is recorded. The
blocks or samples which bear more loads are
selected.

24. Porosity and Absorption test:
To ascertain the relative qualities of different stones, they are immersed in
water for 24 hours and the amount of water absorbed by each specimen is
noted. Greater absorption of water by the stone means that it is porous
and cannot resist weathering forces well. The test specimen which absorbs
the smallest amount of water is the best.
Attrition test:
This is the test that checks the wear and tear of the stone. To conduct this
test different angular pieces of stones are weighed and charged into a
cylindrical drum along with the iron blocks provided. The drum is then
rotated at the rate of 30 to 33 Rpm. About 100 to 150 revolutions are
made and the % age of wear is noted. The machine used may be Devals
attrition machine and the stone which wears less is considered to be the
best.

25. ‫تجة‬‫ن‬‫مل‬‫ا‬ ‫ادلول‬‫و‬ ‫اجد‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ماكن‬‫أ‬
‫مصـــر‬ ‫يف‬
•‫انيت‬‫ر‬‫اجل‬
‫توجد‬‫وسيناء‬ ‫الشرقية‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫ابلصح‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫وعدة‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬‫أس‬ ‫يف‬ ‫حماجره‬ ‫أهم‬.
•‫الرخام‬
‫توجد‬‫أبو‬‫و‬ ‫العالقي‬‫و‬ ‫الدغبج‬ ‫ادي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫الرخام‬ ‫وجبل‬ ‫املياه‬ ‫ادي‬‫و‬ ‫يف‬ ‫حماجره‬ ‫أهم‬‫سويل‬.
•‫احلجر‬‫اجلريي‬
‫تتميز‬‫أهم‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬‫األل‬ ‫املتعدد‬ ‫اجلريي‬ ‫احلجر‬ ‫صخور‬ ‫يف‬ ‫هائلة‬ ‫بوفرة‬ ‫مصر‬‫طره‬ ‫حماجره‬
‫أسيوط‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫امتداد‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫ابملنيا‬ ‫ومسالوط‬ ‫خالد‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫املعصرة‬‫و‬.‫ا‬ ‫احات‬‫و‬‫ال‬‫اخلارجة‬‫و‬ ‫لداخلة‬
‫سيوة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫احملاجر‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫كما‬‫العلمني‬‫و‬.

26. ‫تجة‬‫ن‬‫مل‬‫ا‬ ‫ادلول‬‫و‬ ‫اجد‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ماكن‬‫أ‬
•‫العامل‬ ‫يف‬

27. Quarrying:
an art of extracting stones from the rock beds of different varieties
used for general building work and broken stones for roads and
concrete work
Quarry:
The place from stone is obtained by digging or blasting.
Quarrying methods
Digging or excavating method. Stones occurring as detached nodules
may be dug using manual methods like crowbars
Heating method. Rock surface is heated for several hours resulting
into unequal expansion and crushing of rocks into small pieces
Wedging method. Layered rock is split at cleavage or seam using steel
wedges and pins Blasting method. Hard and compact rock is blasted
out using explosive techniques comprising boring, charging, tamping
and firing
Mining and extraction
Mining and extraction methods

28. :Blasting procedure
Boring. Drilling of holes in rock using jumper, manual drilling or
machine drilling using pneumatic or mechanical power
Charging. Placing of required quantity of explosive charge in the hole at
desired location. Quantity depends upon explosive strength, blasting
method, number of holes, type and mass of rock
Tamping. Placing of priming charge, detonation cable, and sealing off
the escape of gases Firing. Detonation mechanism (electrical or
non_electrical detonators ) or fuse ignition

29. End of Presentation :D