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1. This talk is an introductory foray into the current state of the art in protection of animals
in international law. The consideration of animals in international law is marked by a
number of contrasts and gaps. One is that between the interest in a group and an
individual: while the protection of some animal species in nature is a long‐standing
objective of international law, the protection of individuals has so far only been emerging
in international law. Distinction is made also between wild animals, farm animals and
animals used in experiments. Even within these groups, not all species receive the same
attention. Generally, the lack of attention devoted to rights and standards of care with
regard to animals come in stark contrast with the wealth of international law that
engages with rights of human beings. The ongoing boundary‐drawing in international
law could easily be dismissed as a legal “inconsistency” but it buttresses significant
injustices.
Some of the legal methods to overcome them are considered in turn. First, I make a
conceptual difference between animal conservation, animal protection, animal welfare
and animal rights. I then proceed to discussing some key and some possible
contemporary developments in international law to extend protection of animals,
including individual beings. They include the emergence of intergovernmental and
private standards but also the rise of the ‘rights of nature’ movement. This represents a
radical move away from the current consideration of animals, which is for the most part
based on the assumption that nature is property. The movement is particularly
interesting for straddling the border of the legal. One particular challenge for the
prospective global standards is the issue of compatibility of global regulation with
cultural differences, as some of the recent real‐world cases and jurisprudence has shown.