Lets learn english i had made a ppt on pronouns which is the most common topic of english grammer. it can be defined as a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g. I, you ) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g. she, it, this ). so lets learn

1. I Sh
e
He
U
s
W
W
e
e
P
R
O
N
O
U
N
S

2. Definition
"Pronoun" is the sentence
element used to replace a noun,
or a noun equivalent
construction. The replaced noun
is named the "antecedent".

3. CATEGORIES
OF
PRONOUNS

4. Syntactically, pronouns have the
same functions as nouns do;
morphologically, pronouns areused
to avoid repetition, and to
set/clarify nouns' categories of
number, person, and gender.

5. There are eight categories of pronouns, The
categories of pronouns are:
1. Personal Pronouns.
2. Possessive Pronouns .
3. Demonstrative Pronouns.
4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns.
5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative Pronouns.
7. Reciprocal Pronouns.
8. Indefinite Pronouns.

6. PERSONAL
PRONOUN

7. Personal pronouns represent specific
people or things. We use them depending
on:
number: singular (I) or plural ( we).
person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you)
or 3rd
person(he).
gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter
(it).
case: subject (we) or object (us).
We use personal pronouns in place of
the person or people that we are
talking about.

8. Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example
sentences:
number person gender
personal pronouns
subject object
singular
1st male/female I me
2nd male/female you you
3rd
male he him
female she her
neuter it it
plural
1st male/female we us
2nd male/female you you
3rd
male/female/
neuter
they them
Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun,
the second an object pronoun):

9. - I like coffee.
- John helped me.
- Do you like coffee?
- John loves you.
- He runs fast.
- Did Ram beat him?
-She is clever.
- Does Mary know her?
- We went home.
-Anthony drove us.
-It doesn't work.
-Can the engineer repair it?
-Do you need a table for three?
-Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
-They played doubles.
-John and Mary beat them

10. -It is nice to have a holiday
sometimes.
We often use it to introduce a
remark:
-It is important to dress well.
.
We also often use it to talk about the
weather, temperature, time and
distance:
-It's raining.
-It will probably be hot tomorrow.
-Is it nine o'clock yet?
-It's 50 kilometers from
here to Cambridge.

11. Possessive
Pronouns

12. - We use possessive pronouns to refer to a
specific person/people or thing/things (the
"antecedent") belonging to a person/people
(and sometimes belonging to an
animal/animals or thing/things).
-You will never find a possessive
pronoun near a noun, despite the
fact it is the genitive of personal
pronoun
-We use possessive pronouns depending on:
-number: singular (mine) or plural (ours)
-person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person (yours) or
3rd person (his)
-gender: male (his), female (hers) .

13. Below are the possessive pronouns, followed
by some example sentences. Each possessive
pronoun can:
- be subject or object.
-refer to a singular or plural antecedent.
number person
gender (of
"owner")
possessi
ve
pronoun
s
singular
1st male/female mine
2nd male/female yours
3rd
male his
female hers
plural
1st male/female ours
2nd male/female yours
3rd
male/female/neu
t er
theirs

14. Examples:
-Look at these pictures. Mine is the big
one. (subject = My picture)
-I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object
= my flowers)
-All the essays were good but his was the best.
(subject
= his essay)
-John found his passport but Mary couldn't find
hers. (object = her passport)

15. Singular Plural
Used
befor
e
noun
s
my
your
his, her,
its
our
you
r
thei
r
Used
alone
mine
yours
ours
your

16. REFLEXIVE
AND
EMPHATIC
PRONOUN

17. -Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voice verb in
order to reflect the action of the verb back on the
subject--the antecedent.
-Emphatic pronoun accompanies its antecedent in
order to accentuate its action/state.
-Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take different
positions within the sentence structure.
Definitio
ns

18. ** We use a reflexive pronoun when
we want to refer back to the subject
of the sentence or clause. Reflexive
pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or
"-selves" (plural).
There are eight reflexive pronouns:
reflexive pronoun
singular
myself
yoursel
f
himself, herself, itself
plural
ourselves
yourselve
s
themselve
s

19. the underlined words are the
SAME person/thing
-I saw myself in the mirror.
-Why do you blame
yourself?
-John sent himself a copy.

20. -I made it myself. OR I myself made it.
-Have you yourself seen it? OR Have you
seen it
yourself?
-She spoke to me herself. OR She herself
spoke to me.

21. DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN

22. Demonstrative pronouns and
demonstrative adjectives have
exactly the same forms. The
way to differentiate them
depends on their position
relative to the
antecedent/determined nouns.
Demonstrative pronouns
THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE.
THE FORMER, THE LATER
THE FIRST, THE LAST
THE OTHER,THE OTHERS
SAME
SUCH
SO

23. A demonstrative pronoun represents a
thing or things:
*near in distance or time (this, these)
*far in distance or time (that, those)
near far
singular this that
plural these those
*This tastes good.
*These are bad
times.
*That is beautiful.
*Those were the
days!

24. ATTENTI
ON
The word "that" has four main
functions:
1. demonstrative pronoun or
adjective:
That book is good.
2. relative pronoun:
Anything that you remember could
help a lot.
3. conjunction:
He said that he had been there
before.
4. adverb:

25. -Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with
demonstrative adjectives. They are identical,
but a demonstrative pronoun stands alone,
while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a
noun.
-That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)
-That book is good. (demonstrative adjective +
noun)
Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for
things only. But we can use them for people
when the person is identified. Look at these
examples:
-This is Josef speaking. Is that Mary?
-That sounds like John

26. INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUN

27. We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions.
The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that
we don't know (what we are asking the question
about).
There are four main interrogative pronouns: who,
whom,
subject object
person who whom
thing what
person/thing which
person whose (possessive
)
what, which .
-The possessive pronoun whose
can also be an interrogative
pronoun (an interrogative
possessive pronoun).

28. question answer
Who told you? John told me. subject
Whom did
you
tell?
I told Mary. object
What's
happene
d?
An
accident's
happened.
subject
Example
s:

29. Relative
Pronouns

30. - A relative pronoun is a pronoun that
introduces a relative clause. It is called a
"relative" pronoun because it "relates" to
the word that it modifies.
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom,
whose, which, that.
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only
for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for
things. That can be used for people, and things and
as subject and object in defining relative clauses.
Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural,
and there is no difference between male and
female.

31. - The person who phoned me last
night is my teacher.
- The car which hit me was yellow.
-The person whom I phoned
last night is my teacher.
-The car, whose driver jumped out
just before the accident, was
completely destroyed
Example
s:

32. Reciprocal
Pronouns

33. -We use reciprocal pronouns
when each of two or more
subjects is acting in the same
way towards the other.
There are only two reciprocal pronouns,
and they are both two words:
- each other
- one another

34. - When we use these reciprocal pronouns:
there must be two or more people, things or
groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal
pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and
they must be doing the same thing
Examples:
- John and Mary love each other.
- The ten prisoners were all blaming
one another.
- Why don't you believe each other?

35. INDEFINITE
PRONOUN

36. An indefinite pronoun
does not refer to any
specific person, thing
or amount. It is vague
and "not definite".
Some typical indefinite
pronouns are:

37. Some Indefinite
Pronouns
Singular Plural
another everybody no one both
anybody everyone nothing few
anyone everything one many
anything much somebody others
each neither someone several
either nobody something
All, any, most, none and some can be
singular or plural, depending on
the phrase that

38. Note that many indefinite pronouns also
function as other parts of speech. Look at
"another" in the following sentences:
-He has one job in the day and another at
night. (pronoun)
- I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)

39. - All have arrived.
- We can start the meeting because
everybody
has arrived.
- John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are
good.
Notice that : A singular pronoun takes a
singular verb AND that any personal
pronoun should also agree (in number and
gender).
- All is forgiven.
Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or
plural. However, some of them can be singular in
one context and plural in another.