Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take

1. I
PROCEEDINGS
For the Fifth International Conference
kerpiç'16
Cultural Landscape:
Rebuilding after Decay
17-18 December 2016
Organized by
Istanbul Aydın University
Kerpiç Network

2. II
ISBN:..................................
Proceedings for the
5. International Conference kerpiç'16
Cultural Landscape:
Rebuilding after Decay
17-18 December 2016
Organized by
Istanbul Aydın University
Kerpiç Network
Themes of the Conference
1. Rebuilding cultural landscape after disaster, war, terrorism
2. Social, cultural, touristic reuses of heritage
3.Commercial development
4. Changes in traditional heritage value of society
5. Housing environment
6. Standards and guidelines for rebuilding
7. Advances in researches
Printed by
Print Date
DECEMBER 2016

3. III
Conference Chair
Prof.Dr.Bilge IŞIK
Book Editor
Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK
Associate Editor
Asst.Prof.Dr. Gökçen F. Yücel
Conference Secretary
Asst.Prof.Dr. GökçenFirdevs YÜCEL
Organizing Committee
Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Asst.Prof.Dr. GökçenFirdevs YÜCEL
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Asst. Prof. SeyhanYardımlı
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Book Graphic Design
Instructor Ozan Sagat
Istanbul Aydın University
Faculty of Architecture and Design
Beşyol, Florya, Istanbul, Turkey
htpp://www.aydin.edu.tr
info@aydin.edu.tr
http://kerpicc2016.wixsite.com/kerpic2016

4. IV
Dear Colleagues,
Istanbul Aydin University and The Kerpiç Network are pleased to welcome you to the fifht
International Conference on kerpic’16 - Cultural Landscape: Rebuilding after Decay,17-
18December 2016, Istanbul, Turkey.
Kerpiç–network is carrying researches over thirty years on durability, seismic response and
production techniques on earthen construction material. Durability researches are based
on gypsum & lime stabilization of earth, called “alker”; seismic response researches are
based on horizontal energy dissipation surfaces in the load bearing walls and production
techniques are based on compacting and shote-crete production of earthen walls
The conference scope will focus on Diyarbakır‐ SUR area in Turkey or on nearly problems
arround the world, and the study will range from the graduate programs, preparing the
students to the contemporary knowledge and skills, and bring together the academics and
professionals to exchange findings and experience. It will be an opportunity to understand
the strategy and the advances of the Cultural Landscape.
Our deepest thanks goes to ICOMOS, ISCEAH members who supported the conference as
scientific committee.
It is our pleasure to welcome you to the international conference kerpic’16.
Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK, Conference Chair

5. V
HONOUR COMMITTEE
Mustafa AYDIN, Dr.,Istanbul Aydin University Board of Trustees Chairman
Yadigar IZMIRLI, Prof.Dr.,Rector,Istanbul Aydin University
Turhan Nejat ARAL,Prof.Dr., Dean, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Architecture and Design
HüseyinErol AKATA,Prof.Dr., Dean, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering
Murat ERGİNÖZ, Prof.Dr., Head of Interior Architecture Department
Prof.Dr. Hasan SAYGIN,Prof.Dr., Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Bilge IŞIK, CONFERENCE CHAIR, ICOMOS ISCEAH (International Scientific Committee of
Earthen Architectural Heritage), Istanbul Aydin University
Turhan Nejat ARAL (IAU‐TR),
Murat ERGİNÖZ (IAU‐TR),
Fatma SEDES (IAU‐TR),
Zülküf GÜNELİ (Dicle Uni‐TR),
Eser GÜLTEKİN (Çoruh,Uni. TR),
Dilek YILDIZ (İTÜ‐TR),
Şefika ERGİN (Dicle Uni.‐TR),
Tülay TULUN (İTÜ‐ TR),
Hüseyin AYATULLAHI (Yazd Uni.‐Iran),
Mohammad Yosof ALAIDAROOS (ICOMOS‐Saudi Arabia),
Randolph LANGENBACH (USA),
Marcial BLONDET (ISCEAH‐Peru),
Severio MECCA (Uni.Florence‐Italy),
Gouhar SHEMDIN (ISCEAH‐Canada),
Humberto VARUM (ISCEAH‐ Portugal),
Rasool VATANDOUST (ISCElAH‐ Iran),
Pete WALKER (ISCEAH‐ Director BRE Centre, England).

6. VI
Kerpic’16 - Cultural Landscape: Rebuilding after Decay,
5. International Conference
17-18 December 2016, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey
OPENING REMARKS
Speaker 1. Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK (Conference Chair)
Speaker 2. Prof.Dr. Yadigar IZMIRLI (Rector)
Speaker 3. Prof.Dr. CelalNazımİrem (Unesco Chair, IAU)

7. VII
CONTENTS
1. Prof. Dr. MarcialBlondet, Nicola Tarque, Julio Vargas,
Pontifical Catholic University, Lima, Peru
(Re)construction of earthquake-resistant earthen buildings
1
2. Assoc.Dr. F. MeralHalifeoğlu,
Dicle University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
The culture of the city regaining a historical mansion in Diyarbakır: CemilPasa
mansion
10
3. Assoc.Dr. Kamuran Sami,
Dicle University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Diyarbakır historical Suriçi and a conflicting environment: a cultural heritage with its
color fadded and devastation of collective memory
18
4. Assoc.Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hossein Ayatollahi, Fatemeh M. Bafghi, Amir
S.Pakseresht,
Yazd University, School of Art and Architecture, Yazd, IRAN
The role of wind as a generator of cultural landscape in desert climate of Iran
19
5. Dr. SomayehOmidvari, Elaheh Golzari,
Yazd University School of Art and Architecture, Yazd, Iran
Tourism of Qanat: renewal after drought
27
6. Asst.Prof.Dr. NerimanFarahza, Sassan Seyedkalal, Yazd University School of
Art and Architecture, Yazd, Iran
Vazir historical complex: past, present, future
conservation, restoration, rehabilitation and revitalization
35
7. Prof.Dr.ZülküfGüneli,
IAU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul,Turkey
Urban texture and identity from past to present in Diyarbakır Suriçi
44
8. Dr.ŞenizAtik, AltanAtik, MerveÖzkılıç,
IAU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul, Turkey
Reconstruction of cultural landscape after disasters
45
9. AyselTarım, Asst.Prof.Dr. SibelHattap,
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey
Global rebuilding: Cumalıkızık Case
58
10. Asst.Prof.Dr. Murat DAL,Munzur University,
Department of Civil Engineering, Tunceli, Turkey
Decay occuring in the structure in the adobe materials
71

8. VIII
11. Asst.Prof.Dr. FatmaSedes,
IAU, Architecture Restoration Program, Istanbul, Turkey
Man’s decay to historical environment in Zeyrek: a change on the physical texture
81
12. Asst.Prof.Dr. ŞefikaErgin,Dicle
University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Cultural landscape in the rural settlements of Diyarbakır province
92
13. Chiara Braucher, MattiaGiandomenici,
Genova, Italy
Lessons from Van territory (step 1) adobe construction heritage, technics
105
14. Asst.Prof.Dr. SeyhanYardımlı, Murat Dal,
Istanbul Aydin University Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul, Turkey
Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take
120
15. Negar Javadi, Sara Khooshro,
Iran
Temporary Accommodation and Build shelter for survivors of disasters (Sur-Turkey)
129

9. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
120
Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take
Seyhan YARDIMLI, Murat DAL
Istanbul Aydın University, Munzur University
seyhanyardimli@aydin.edu.tr, muratdal@munzur.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Having met habitation needs since antiquity,
adobestructuresarestilluseddespitethetechnologicaldevelopments of our age. Concurrently,
it is knownthatthesestructuresarestill of decentquality in
regardstocontrollingheatandmoisture. One of themostimportantproblems of
adobestructurethatareusedforsomanyyears is thefacttheyareweakwhen it
comestowaterresistance.
Just as adobestructures can be erectedbyfirsthavingthemudprepared in
theconstructiondryout in themolds, they can also be
constructedbypouringandcompressingintothemoldsto form thestructurewalls.
Amongstimportantmethods in protectingthesestructuresagainstwaterare; to form a
drainageandrockfoundationforwatercomingfromground-
levelandtoraisethestructurefromgroundlevel. Measurestotake in
protectingthestructure’souterwallsurfacesfromwaterwould be tomakeuse of
overhangingeaves as well as utilizing a moredurabletype of plaster. Theuse of water-
resistancecoatingmaterialsandplumbinginsulationwheredeemednecessaryensureswetspaces
inside thestructureareprotectedagainstwater.
Constructingthesestructuresbytakingpreventivemeasuresanddetailingthem in
waysthatwillprotectthemagainstwaterwillextendthe life of
thesestructuresandincreasethecomfortwhiletheyareinhabited.
Keywords: Adobe structure, water deterioration, water preventive measures
1 INTRODUCTION
Adobe is a ratherimportantconstructionmaterialthat has met
people’shabitationneedsforthousands of years. It is stillused in manyregionstoday.
Becauseit’sone of thecheapestandleastproblematicconstructionmaterialsthat can be
produced, therearenowastematerialstorecycleand it doesn’tdamagetheenvironment.
Thesestructuresofferhighthermalcomfort as
theirthickwallseasilypreservetheinnerstructuretemperature in hot andcoldenvironments.
Thehumiditybalance is easierfacilitated. Whileadobeprovidesstructureswith a number of
advantages, it also has itsweaknesses, particularlyitsvulnerabilityagainstwater.
Studiesregardingthehistoricalprocess in dealingwithadobe’smoisture problem as well as
takingprecautionsandmeliorationcontinuetoday. Deformationthatoccurs in buildingsurfaces
of adobestructures can be observed in a manner of physicalorchemicalerosion.
Withphysicaleffects, windintensityincreasestheproportion of

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16 - Cultural Lan
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13. Kerpic1
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16 - Cultural Lan
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ul Aydin Universi
F
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December 2016
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16 - Cultural Lan
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December 2016
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15. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
126
Adobe with increased water resilience called ‘alker’ was produced in studies conducted in
our country at ITÜ. This material was obtained by adding lime and plaster-of-paris to the
soil. The application of alker to outer facades rendered the structure’s outer wall more
resilient against water effects [12].
One of the preventive measures taken to protect outer wall surfaces is to increase the
overhang of roof eaves (Figure 9). Thus, a wider surface swath can be protected in this
manner. The width of the eaves applied in the traditional construction method utilized in
our country is 50 cm. However, the protection of outer structure surfaces in regions with
more precipitation will be easier when this is extended to 70-80 cm or more.
Figure 9. A diagram concerning outer facade protection by applying a wide set of eaves.
3.3 Roof Covering on Adobe Structures
Roof coverings on adobe structures vary according to the climate and materials that are
available in the vicinity. A flat roof covering is generally used in arid and low-precipitation
regions. For a flat roof, a ceiling is formed from materials such as bars, reeds or grass over
rafters laid 40 cm apart whereas mud is spread and compressed over this surface. Slanted
roofs fashioned from reeds and covered with roof tiles can be utilized in rainy regions. A
wooden framework is generally used in the construction of these roofs and a top covering
material is spread over them. Examples of roof coverings are provided in Table 2.
3.4 Protective Measures Against Water in Indoor Spaces
Besides water that can have an impact on a structure from outside, we can also encounter
water problems that originate from the plumbing and humidity inside. Indoor water and
moisture sources spaces are found in kitchen and bathroom units. The most important point
to note about the plumbing for both units is that it be installed in such a way as not to cause
water leakage and that floor and walls are coated after making the necessary checks.
The kitchen counter is the wet section of the kitchen. Covering the counter and behind it
with a coating similar to waterproof ceramic will prevent the problem. Ventilation and a
working range hood will be enough to prevent moisture and steam buildup that forms in
the kitchen environment. Because adobe walls feature a humidity stabilizer characteristic.
As for the bathroom unit, the upper surface coatings need to be applied by using water
insulation materials for the floor and walls. The water insulation layer to be applied over
the floor must have a repellent over it, then covered by a ceramic waterproof coating. The
same method is also valid for the walls. If deemed necessary, a wall covering can be made
with cement-based panels with a thickness of around 8-10 mm. As this material will form a
waterproof surface, you can either create a decorative coating or else it can be used it this
way without any coating material.

16. Kerpic1
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16 - Cultural Lan
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[13]
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ONCLUSIO
water effec
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for many y
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ples of roof
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a
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coating
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were referre
years and ar
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in the future
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December 2016
coverings s
Example of
application i
Ahmet Kaya
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roof coveri
traditional tec
s one of the
ed to in this
re still used
solutions, r
fferences su
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obe structu
not constitu
popular and
materials.
ave been use
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127
seen on adob
f tile covere
is the Gümü
house [14]
aring rafters
ing made
chniques
e most imp
study. As i
d by a wide
regardless h
uch as me
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ng in regard
ere the adob
ures is bec
ute a suitab
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d roof
üşhane
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s in a
using
Vie
roo
[17
portant prob
is seen, adob
segment, c
how much th
asures to b
fore, it is im
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be structure
ause they
le method f
aged as low
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ockington
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17. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
128
5 REFERENCES
[1] AubreyHeathcote K., An InvestigationIntotheErodibility of Earth Wall Units,
Doctor of Philosophy, University of Technology Sydney, Pg: 60, 2002.
[2] http://www.ebaa.asn.au/about/earth-building
[3] https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=kerpiçin+kalıplanarak+kurutulması
[4] https://artcarchitects.wordpress.com/environment/tecnologias-y-estrategias-de-
diseno
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth#/media/File:HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg
[6] http://cstones.org/pdfs/uploads/adobe_conservation_handbook_part_2.pdf
[7] http://www.yerelgundem.com/haberler/635344/dunyanin_ilk_yerlesim_yeri_2.html
[8] Keefe L., TheCobBuildings of Devon 2.pdf, RepairandMaintenance,
http://www.devonearthbuilding.com/leaflets/the_cob_buildings_of_devon_2.pdf
[9] Graham P., Mc Henry, Jr. AdobeandRammed Earth Buildings: Design
andConstructions, pp 186 AIA New Mexico, Chapter 13, StrucruralEngineeringfor
Earth Buildings, by Gerald W. May, Ph.D. President, University Of New Mexico,
TheUniversity of Arizona Press Tucson 3UZ4-CHS-T13A, ISBN 13: 978-0-8165-
1124-2, 1989
[10] http://yalvac.bel.tr/index.php?sayfa=kentrehberidetay&h=747
[11] http://cstones.org/pdfs/uploads/adobe_conservation_handbook_part_2. pdf,
allaboutadobepg:52
[12] https://www.xing.com/communities/posts/prof-bilge-isik-kerpic-teknigi-
yayginlastirilmali-dot-dot-dot
[13] http://www.ada-muhendislik.net/
[14] http://www.csb.gov.tr/iller /gumushane/index
[15] https://tr.pinterest.com/cchrisha/cockington-village/
[16] Duran S., Civelek F. Ç., Aktuğlu Y.K., Kerpiç binalarda Çatı ve Cephe
Malzemeleri; Akşehir, Erdoğdu ve Menderes Örnekleri, 8. Ulusal Çatı ve Cephe
Sempozyumu, MSGSÜ, 2016,
[17] https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhoto:DirectLink
-g186259-d524185-i192904768-Cockington_Country