DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patterns
Soil erosion by water or tillage is an essential landscape-shaping factor with feedbacks to the carbon cycle. To study C dynamics and C balances as a function of soil erosion we set up a manipulation experiment at field scale, called “CarboZALF-D”. A defined amount of topsoil material was removed from an eroded Luvisol towards a Colluvic Regosol and reactive, clay-enriched subsoil material was blended into the topsoil of the eroded Luvisol. By doing so we induced transient states for C cycling, net fluxes of CO2 and the C balance. The overall aim of our experiment is to get reliable findings to answer the question: Does soil erosion causes a CO2 source or sink in arable landscapes? In this paper the concept, implementation, and preliminary results of the manipulation experiment are described.
DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patterns
Soil erosion by water or tillage is an essential landscape-shaping factor with feedbacks to the carbon cycle. To study C dynamics and C balances as a function of soil erosion we set up a manipulation experiment at field scale, called “CarboZALF-D”. A defined amount of topsoil material was removed from an eroded Luvisol towards a Colluvic Regosol and reactive, clay-enriched subsoil material was blended into the topsoil of the eroded Luvisol. By doing so we induced transient states for C cycling, net fluxes of CO2 and the C balance. The overall aim of our experiment is to get reliable findings to answer the question: Does soil erosion causes a CO2 source or sink in arable landscapes? In this paper the concept, implementation, and preliminary results of the manipulation experiment are described.
The Relationship between Surface Soil Moisture with Real Evaporation and Pote...IJEAB
The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between surface Soil Moisture (SSM) of both Real Evaporation (E) and surface Potential Evaporation (SPE) for thirty years during the period of (1985-2014) for the eight stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Nukhayib, Basrah) in Iraq, from (NOAA) and taking advantage of some statistics such as the Simple Linear Regression (SLR) and the Spearman Rho test. Calculated the monthly average for Soil Moisture, Real Evaporation and Potential Evaporation, and found to increase the values of SPE in hot months and decreased in cold months while opposite to SM There was a strong inverse relationship between them, where the correlation coefficient was in Sulaymaniya -0.91, in Mosul -0.89, in the Rutba -0.92, in Tikrit -0.89, in Baghdad -0.89, in Nukhayib -0.89, in Kut -0.87, and in Basrah -0.83, and there is a high correlation in stations (Basrah, Kut, Nukhayib, and Rutba), while there is an average correlation in the stations (Baghdad and Tikrit), and there is low correlation in the stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul), we also note an inverse correlation between RE and PE, where there is a low correlation in Sulaymaniya and medium correlation in the Mosul and Rutba stations, and there is a high correlation in the stations (Tikrit, Baghdad, Nukhayib, Kut, and Basrah).
Poster prepared by Menelik Getaneh and Amare Tsigae for the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
DSD-INT 2017 Global modelling of hydrology and water resources: current state...Deltares
Presentation by Marc BIerkens (Deltares) at the Symposium on catchment hydrology and WFlow, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Tuesday, 24 October 2017, Delft.
Drainage Condition in Water Logged Areas of Central Part in Chittagong City ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Relationship between Surface Soil Moisture with Real Evaporation and Pote...IJEAB
The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between surface Soil Moisture (SSM) of both Real Evaporation (E) and surface Potential Evaporation (SPE) for thirty years during the period of (1985-2014) for the eight stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Nukhayib, Basrah) in Iraq, from (NOAA) and taking advantage of some statistics such as the Simple Linear Regression (SLR) and the Spearman Rho test. Calculated the monthly average for Soil Moisture, Real Evaporation and Potential Evaporation, and found to increase the values of SPE in hot months and decreased in cold months while opposite to SM There was a strong inverse relationship between them, where the correlation coefficient was in Sulaymaniya -0.91, in Mosul -0.89, in the Rutba -0.92, in Tikrit -0.89, in Baghdad -0.89, in Nukhayib -0.89, in Kut -0.87, and in Basrah -0.83, and there is a high correlation in stations (Basrah, Kut, Nukhayib, and Rutba), while there is an average correlation in the stations (Baghdad and Tikrit), and there is low correlation in the stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul), we also note an inverse correlation between RE and PE, where there is a low correlation in Sulaymaniya and medium correlation in the Mosul and Rutba stations, and there is a high correlation in the stations (Tikrit, Baghdad, Nukhayib, Kut, and Basrah).
Poster prepared by Menelik Getaneh and Amare Tsigae for the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
DSD-INT 2017 Global modelling of hydrology and water resources: current state...Deltares
Presentation by Marc BIerkens (Deltares) at the Symposium on catchment hydrology and WFlow, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Tuesday, 24 October 2017, Delft.
Drainage Condition in Water Logged Areas of Central Part in Chittagong City ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect Of Water On Slope Stability And Investigation Of ΝΝw Drainage Techniqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
The Effect of Climatic Conditions of Various Regions of Iran on Pavement Fati...IDES Editor
In this research, climatic data for various regions of
Iran were obtained from meteorological organizations in their
original formats and then were converted to ICM1 input files
for MEPDG2 software by algorithms. The major aim of this
research is to assess the environmental effects on fatigue
cracking, so more than 300 analyses were conducted on a
specific pavement with climatic data from various regions of
Iran, since pavement temperature and humidity profile have
important effects on alligator and longitudinal cracking, and
specific pavements don’t have the same performance in all
regions. Lastly, useful solutions will be recommended for
decreasing the deleterious effects of climatic conditions on
fatigue cracking
SIMULATION OF VAPOR AND HEAT FLUXES OVER WET AND DRY REGIME IN PADDY FIELD EN...IAEME Publication
Alternating dry-wet paddy field management such as System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) had become an interesting subject in research and development in paddy
cultivation which also been subject for trial for its implementation. The field’s
environment’s variation of biophysical parameters related to production had also
become important to be studied. This study aims to simulate the variation of
evaporation and thermal condition over a wet and dry regime of paddy field. The
simulation model used in this study was a combination of numerical surface energy
balance and soil water flow model consisting two layered resistance energy balance
model for non-ponded field, one-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model of
wind, temperature and vapor changes, and soil heat transfer and soil water flow
models. Meteorological parameters at the site were measured and utilized as input for
the simulation. The simulation shows the fluctuating latent, sensible and ground heat
flux and also the variation of temperature, and soil condition for wet and dry regime
of paddy field.
A Critical Study of Water Loss in Canals and its Reduction MeasuresIJERA Editor
Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. The conveyance loss was calculated experimentally by different researcher on different canals around the world. In this paper author have tried to review some of the research work and recommend an average water loss from the canal irrespective of the soil and other environmental condition. There are different materials which have been used in canal lining to reduce this water loss. No such material can be said it is the best material for reducing water loss because it depends on the site and its environmental condition. Now a days geosynthetic alone or geosynthetic with concrete or precast concrete is used to for canal lining in this paper they have tried to see the strength, durability etc. of different geosynthetic material and its application in canal lining.
Marmara bölgesi geleneksel yapılarında kullanılan bakırköy küfekisi pınarhisa...Ahmet Konus
Marmara bölgesi geleneksel yapılarında kullanılan bakırköy küfekisi pınarhisar kalkerlerinin jeolojik ve fiziko-mekanik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Hydraulic properties estimation of an experimental urban soil column constructed with waste brick and compost
1. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
9
Hydraulic Properties Estimation of an Experimental Urban Soil Column
Constructed with Waste Brick and Compost
Deniz Yilmaz1*
, Murat Dal2
1
LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR, GER, Bouguenais, F-44341, France
2
Tunceli University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli, Turkey
*Corresponding author: E-mail: dyilmaz@tunceli.edu.tr
Abstract
For sustainable development, cities have to revalorize waste material produced
by human activities. Urban soils could be constructed from waste material such as
bricks or concrete waste and mixed with compost material for greening application in
urban environment. This study proposes to study from hydraulically point of view an
experimental urban soil constructed with waste brick and compost using an adapted
evaporation laboratory method. The hydraulic properties are estimated using Hydrus 1D
code inverse procedure and are compared with classical soils such as sand, loam and
silt. Conclusions are promising but more investigation should be done to confirm the
possibility of using this material as urban soil for greening application in cities.
Key words: Evaporation Experiment, Hydrus 1D, Hydraulic Properties, Urban Soil
Atık Tuğla ve Kompost ile İnşa Edilen Deneysel Bir Zeminin Hidrolik
Karakteristiklerinin Buharlaşma Metodu ile Tespiti
Özet
Kentlerin sürdürülebilirliği için, kendi atıklarını yeniden değerlendirmesi ile
mümkündür. Özellikle kentsel dönüşüm projelerinde inşaat atıklarının değerlendirmesi
önem arz etmektedir. Kentsel zeminler atık tuğla, atık beton gibi malzemeler ile inşa
edilebilir. Bunlara yeşillendirme fonksiyonu verilebilmesi içinde atık malzemelere
kompost eklenebilinir. Bu çalışmada laboratuarda buharlaşma metodu yöntemini
kullanarak atık tuğla ve kompost ile inşa edilmiş, deneysel bir zeminin hidrolik açıdan
incelenmesi ve karakteristiklerinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Hidrolik özellikler; Hydrus 1D
kodunun inverse prosedürü kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Kum, kil ve silt gibi klasik
zeminlerin karakteristikleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu zeminler hem mekanik, hem
hidrolik ve hem de biyolojik açıdan ele alınarak, şehir zeminlerinde uygulanması söz
konusudur.
Anahtar kelimeler: Buharlaşma metodu, Hydrus 1D, Hidrolik özellikler, Şehir zemini
INTRODUCTION
Cities are renewing continuously
by demolition of old construction. This
process is producing wastes of
demolition such as bricks, concrete,
ballast of railway track, excavated soils.
These wastes are consistently exported
out of the city and are land filled or
parts of them are recycled (Marshall and
Farahbakhsh, 2013). For example, the
amount of waste material stemming
from civil engineering activities in
France is 253 million tons for 2009
(ADEME, 2012). For Turkey, there is
no net data regarding the amount of
demolition waste (Esin and Cosgun,
2. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
10
2007). After the earthquake of 1999 in
Marmara region 13 million of waste
material occurred (Esin and Cosgun,
2007). The construction and demolition
waste are estimated of 200 kg per
person per year in Turkey (Arslan et al.,
2012). Since one year, a big project of
demolition of old construction in
Turkey is planned for sustainable city
retrofitting named as ‘kentsel Dönüşüm’
in Turkish. Thus the amount of
demolition waste creates will increase
in Turkey and will be a huge issue of
waste management. In other part, cities
are also producing compost material
and green wastes from maintenance of
gardens and parks which can provide
nutriments for vegetation in an urban
soil matrix. City practitioners are
usually building urban soils from
agricultural soil stripping and
aggregates coming from quarries. One
alternative idea is to reuse the waste
material produced by the city as urban
soils for parks, gardens and tree lines.
SITERRE project was launched and
funded by the French environmental
agency (ADEME) to develop the
knowledge on urban soils built with
waste material. A part of the project is
focusing on the feasibility to reuse
waste brick mixed with organic matter
(compost and green waste) for plant
growth and trees in urban environment.
These urban soils have to display
adequate properties with respect to their
bearing capacity in an urban
environment, their agronomic properties
for plant growth, their drainage capacity
and the environmental restrictions
enforced by the French regulation in
order to prevent pollutant release in the
underlying aquifer.
The knowledge of hydraulic
properties of urban soils is very
important to understand hydraulic
functioning of urban areas. These are
necessary for modeling hydrologic
processes at the city scale for rainwater
management purposes (Mitchell et al.,
2001; Dussaillant et al., 2004;
Lassabatere et al., 2010), for modeling
the evapotranspiration of trees to assess
their impact on urban climate (House-
Peters and Chang, 2011) and its effect
on the urban heat island phenomenon,
and also for modeling the pollutant
transfer where it is known that water
flow is the main vector of transportation
for pollutants (Lassabatere et al., 2007;
Lamy et al., 2009, Yilmaz et al., 2010).
These properties are also important to
understand if the materials have ability
for agronomic purposes. Hydrodynamic
properties of urban soils built with
waste material are rarely studied and not
very well known. Only a few studies
tried to focus on hydraulic properties
(Sere et al., 2012; Ojeda et al., 2011) of
urban soils built from waste material.
As means of hydraulic
characterization at the laboratory scale,
the evaporation method through
analysis of experimental pressure heads
at different heights in a vertical column
has become widespread in obtaining
hydraulic properties for soils (Wind,
1968; Tamari et al., 1993; Simunek et
al., 1998; Yilmaz et al., 2010).
The aim of this work is the
characterization of hydraulic parameters
of urban soil built from brick waste and
compost using an adapted wind
laboratory method.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Studied Materials
The studied material noted Br-
Co (Br: Brick waste and Co: compost)
was built from a mixture of 60 wt.% of
brick (Br) fabrication waste and 40
wt.% of compost (Co) coming from
waste management facilities and waste
composting. Its specific density was
3. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
11
estimated in laboratory using
picnometer method to 2.18 g.cm-3
.
The Adapted Evaporation Method
The column configuration for
the evaporation experiment used in this
study is different than the conventional
method known as Wind method (Wind,
1968). For this reason, the method used
in this study is mentioned as adapted
evaporation method. In laboratory, the
studied material was packed into 40 cm
high and 7 cm radius column, placed on
a monitored balance (Figure 1). Three
tensiometers (T5, Ums Gmbh, Münich,
Germany), with cups of 7 cm long and
0.5 cm in diameter were horizontally
inserted into drill holes in the material
core at 8.5 cm, 10 and 11.5 cm from
the sample surface.
Figure 1. Adapted evaporation column
experiment.
The system was saturated with water
during a sufficient time to reach
hydraulic equilibrium. The
measurement of the mass was
performed by weighing with mass
balance every hour and the
measurements of pressure heads each
five minutes. The potential evaporation
rate was measured every hour using a
square tank filled with water, this
system was placed on monitored
balance and the weighting
measurements were done every hour.
Both balance system were connected to
a computer for data collection.
Tensiometers were connected to a data
logger CR10X from Campbell scientific
for data collection. Initial pressure head
of -10 cm for the tensiometer at 8.5 cm
was measured. The experiment was
performed till the water pressure heads
reach the pressure head of -800 cm. The
experiment lasted 5 months. At the end,
the material was extracted from the
columns and dried to determinate the
water content profile with 5 points.
Modeling was performed using
HYDRUS 1D code (Simunek and al.,
2008) that resolves the Richards’
equation. The unsaturated soil hydraulic
properties are described by the Van
Genuchten (equation 1 and 3) model in
junction with Mualem capillary model
(equation 2).
The evaporation experiment
setup was simulated through a 40 cm
length mesh with 0.1 cm length
elements. Observation points were
introduced at the tensiometer depths.
The initial condition corresponded to
pressure equilibrium with 0 cm at the
surface and 40 cm water pressure head
at the bottom. The boundary conditions
correspond to no flux at the bottom and
daily measured potential evaporation
rate. The hydraulic parameters were
estimated through the HYDRUS 1D
inverse procedure (Marquardt, 1963).
The data to be fitted correspond to the
evolution of the pressure heads at the
observation points and the total water
loss at the end of the experiment.
4. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
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12
Hydraulic parameters
Van Genuchten-Mualem
(Mualem, 1976; Van Genuchten, 1980)
models are used to describe the
hydrodynamic functions h(θ) and K(θ)
in Hydrus.
mn
grs
r
h
h
1
[1]
1
1m
n
[2]
2
1/
( ) 1 1
ml m
r r
s
s r s r
K K
[3]
where n, m are the hydraulic shape
parameters, s and r are the saturated
and residual water contents
respectively, hg the scale parameter for
water pressure head, and Ks the
saturated hydraulic conductivity. The
parameter l is the pore connectivity
parameter and it’s usually set to the
value of 0.5 [-].
The saturated water content is
supposed equal to the porosity and is
estimated from both the dry bulk ( d )
and specific ( s ) densities through the
following equation:
s
d
s
1 [6]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Particle Size Distribution
The particle size distribution
(PSD) analysis, involving manual
sieving and complemented by a grain
size analyzer, is illustrated in figure 2.
The percentages according the U.S.D.A
(U.S Department of Agriculture) above
2 mm fractions (gravel), between 0.05
and 2 mm (sand), between 0.05 and
0.002 mm (silt), and less than 0.05 mm
(clay) are 58.3%, 31.3%, 10.2% and
0.2%. Br-Co material is composed with
large pieces of bricks and this explains
the high value of the percentage of
gravel.
Figure 2. Particle size distribution of
studied material.
Adapted Evaporation Column
Experiment and Inversion Results
The experiment started the 25th
November 2013 and was stopped the 11
April 2014 after the upper tensiometer
has reached the value of -800 cm in
pressure head. The figure 3 is showing
the time evolution of pressure head at -
8.5, 10.0 and 11.5 cm level for the
surface of the evaporation column and
the corresponding model estimation
from Hydrus 1D software. For the
inverse procedure, the saturated water
content θs (cm3
.cm-3
) was fixed and
calculated to 0.631 through equation
n°6. At the end of the evaporation
experiment, the material was dried and
the dry bulk density was estimated to
0.80 g.cm-3
. The residual water content
was fixed to 0.1 cm3
.cm-3
. The initial
water content was supposed equal to the
saturated water content. The inversion
results are shown in table 1.
5. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
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13
Table 1. Br-Co material hydraulics parameters estimated from inversion of data
collected from the adapted evaporation experiment
Hydraulics parameters
θr
(cm3
.cm-3
)
θs
(cm3
.cm-3
)
|hg|
(cm)
n
(-)
Ks
(cm.h-1
)
Br-Co studied material 0.1 0.631 12.8 1.43 29.0
The model gives similar values
of pressure head for the three heads up
to pressure head of -300 cm. After that,
the differences between the three heads
are more distinct. The fit of the model
on experimental data are reproducing
the experimental tendency.
Figure 3. Evaporation experiment
results of pressure head monitoring at
level -8.5 cm. 10.0 cm and 11.5 cm
from the top of the column and models
corresponding to the inverse procedure.
Discussions
For purpose of discussion,
hydrodynamic curves h(θ) and K(θ) of
the studied Br-Co material are displayed
respectively in figure 4 and 5. In order
to compare this material with classical
soils such as a sandy, loam and silt,
their hydrodynamics curves are also
reproduced. For that, we used the
hydraulic parameters proposed in
HYDRUS database for sand, loam and
silt.
Figure 4. Water retention curves,
Volumetric water content [cm3
.cm-3
] on
horizontal axe and absolute pressure
head [cm] for vertical axe displayed in
logarithm scale.
The studied material Br-Co has his
saturated volumetric water content θs
higher than classical natural soil or
cultivated soil. This could be explained
by the high content of organic matter in
the material. Organic matter is well
known for its important total porosity
ranging from 0.7 cm3
.cm-3
for composts
material to 0.9 cm3
.cm-3
for peat
material (Cannavo and Michel, 2013).
Br-Co material absolute pressure head
for volumetric water content in very dry
condition (<0.15 cm3
.cm-3
) is lower
than those of classical soil. For
volumetric water content upper than
0.15 cm3
.cm-3
, absolute pressure head of
Br-Co material are contained between
thus of silt soil and loam soil.
For hydraulic conductivity
curves, the same tendency of retention
curves is observed. For dry condition,
the hydraulic conductivity of the studied
material is lower than thus of classic
-890
-790
-690
-590
-490
-390
-290
-190
-90
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
T_8.5
Model_8.5
T_10.0
Model_10.0
T_11.5
Model_11.5
Time (d)
Succion (cm)
6. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
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14
soils. For volumetric water content
upper than 0.2 cm3
.cm-3
hydraulic
conductivity K is contained between the
K of a silt and loam soil.
Figure 5. Hydraulic conductivity
curves, Volumetric water content [-] on
horizontal axe and water conductivity
[cm.h-1
] for vertical axe in logarithm
scale.
From hydraulic point of view,
this material is functioning between a
silt soil and loam soil. It could be used
as an urban soil for greening purposes
(for instance, for tree or grass growth)
but this has to be studied by
experimental application of greening.
CONCLUSION
The studied material Br-Co was
constructed with a mixture of waste
fabrication bricks and compost to be
used as an urban soil for greening
purpose such as grass or tree. The
hydraulic properties of this material
were obtained through an adapted
evaporation experiment and
experimental collected data were
inversed using Hydrus 1D code. The
estimated hydraulics properties permit
to classify the studied material from
hydraulics point of view between a
loam and a silty soil. This experimental
urban soil material have high porosity
and high hydraulic conductivity value
of Ks and it can achieve the role of
urban soil for greening purpose like
gardens, parks and trees lines, but more
additional study has to be done like
greening experimental plot in situ to
verify the feasibility. Also, an
environmental impact study has to been
done before using this material as urban
soil. For Turkey, demolition waste
could be also valorized as urban soil.
Further research on hydraulics
properties of urban soil constructed with
waste demolition material coming from
Turkish market has to be done and
feasibility of the reuse as urban soil as
to be checked. Finally, the proposed
hydraulics properties of this study can
be used for the settings of urban soil
hydraulic parameters in multiple
applications as water modelling,
evapotranspiration modelling or
pollutant transfer study at the city scale.
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