Decays occuring in the structure in adobe materials (在土坯材料的结构中出现衰减, Decadimenti che si verificano nella struttura nei materiali adobe. Kerpiç yapılarındaki bozunmaları ele alan başarılı bir çalışma.
Kerpiç yapılarda suyun bozunması ve alınması gereken önlemler (Decay of wate...yusuf kopal
Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take (Deterioramento dell'acqua nelle strutture adobe e misure da adottare, 土体结构的水分变质和采取的措施
Kerpiç yapılarıyla ilgili yararlı başarılı bir çalışma.
Integration of the Vernacular Passive Cooling Systems with Contemporary Archi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Vernacular architecture has always served the people of a certain climatic condition with the required answers to their immediate environmental problems. The architecture without architects has been a major focus of late as architects tend to reflect back to how their ancestors tackled the problem of the environment when it came to buildings and design. Human need, cultural identity as well as the surrounding context has been a pivotal focus for vernacular architecture. The Middle East as a region is a land with diverse cultures that have been united by the climatic conditions of their land which is hot and dry for the most part of it. To tackle the heat and the direct harsh sun of the Middle east, certain techniques and elements were devised to combat them. Such devices like the Mashrabiyas, Wind Catchers and Courtyards were used, among others. The 21st Century urbanization and rapid universality of contemporary architecture combined with the oil and gas industry wealth of the Middle East has made this region join the in the mad rush to compete in the frontlines of rapid urbanization and somehow neglect their vernacular architecture and cultural identities in place of the more lucrative contemporary architecture. This study focuses on finding a common ground for vernacular architecture and the 21st-century contemporary architecture without compromising each other. The study will look at Mashrabiyas and Windcatchers, elements of the Middle Eastern vernacular architecture and a case study which is a pioneer in the use of vernacular elements in the 21st-century contemporary architecture. The study seeks to find better options when designing a building in the Middle East with consideration of the vernacular aspect of the region achieved by literature reviews of journals, articles, and theses.
Kerpiç yapılarda suyun bozunması ve alınması gereken önlemler (Decay of wate...yusuf kopal
Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take (Deterioramento dell'acqua nelle strutture adobe e misure da adottare, 土体结构的水分变质和采取的措施
Kerpiç yapılarıyla ilgili yararlı başarılı bir çalışma.
Integration of the Vernacular Passive Cooling Systems with Contemporary Archi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Vernacular architecture has always served the people of a certain climatic condition with the required answers to their immediate environmental problems. The architecture without architects has been a major focus of late as architects tend to reflect back to how their ancestors tackled the problem of the environment when it came to buildings and design. Human need, cultural identity as well as the surrounding context has been a pivotal focus for vernacular architecture. The Middle East as a region is a land with diverse cultures that have been united by the climatic conditions of their land which is hot and dry for the most part of it. To tackle the heat and the direct harsh sun of the Middle east, certain techniques and elements were devised to combat them. Such devices like the Mashrabiyas, Wind Catchers and Courtyards were used, among others. The 21st Century urbanization and rapid universality of contemporary architecture combined with the oil and gas industry wealth of the Middle East has made this region join the in the mad rush to compete in the frontlines of rapid urbanization and somehow neglect their vernacular architecture and cultural identities in place of the more lucrative contemporary architecture. This study focuses on finding a common ground for vernacular architecture and the 21st-century contemporary architecture without compromising each other. The study will look at Mashrabiyas and Windcatchers, elements of the Middle Eastern vernacular architecture and a case study which is a pioneer in the use of vernacular elements in the 21st-century contemporary architecture. The study seeks to find better options when designing a building in the Middle East with consideration of the vernacular aspect of the region achieved by literature reviews of journals, articles, and theses.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies interms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
CONFERENCE SUMMARY
World Association for Scientific Research and Technical Innovation (WASRTI)
5th International Conference on Researches in Science and Technology (ICRST)
01-02 September 2016, Faculty of Art and Science (Fen Edebiyat Department), A Block, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
Global tourism is widely expected to be a growing industry. But in the wake of globalization places have increasingly become destinations, and can be seen both as relatively independent and also interwoven in complex relations of cooperation, competition or interdependency. In order to succeed in a global environment, destination management and branding has therefore become a relevant topic for the tourism industry, which is also true for the Mediterranean region
The environment has been erroneously perceived as a god’s-given resource to be explored and exploited for production of goods and services necessary for the satisfaction of human needs and comfort. This perception inspired man to engage in breath-taking explorations into the huge vaults of the heavens with ozone layer depletion, green house effect as consequences resulting to global warming, climate change, loss of biodiversity on one hand and pollution, deforestation, flooding, draught, famine, flood, extreme weather events on the other hand, as global catastrophic threats to human kind. These problems have become a major concern of the international community who has called for a new type of education for a better understanding of the complexity of the problems of the environment as well as for effective management of environmental resources. This type of education is referred to as environmental education. This paper explored the library as a medium for the dissemination of knowledge of the environment and its problems. It explored various ways through which knowledge of environmental problems and their prevention is promoted through the instrumentality of the library. It concludes that library as a reservoir of knowledge should be equipped with materials containing information on environmental problems and as well as be made accessible to all humans in every part of the globe.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
A definition of authenticity concept in conservation of cultural landscapesDorna Eshrati
Cultural landscape can be defined as the result of human interaction with nature over time, which has led to the formation of the many and diverse layers of value. Currently, the UNESCO World Heritage Centre has a unique role among other scientific associations. In recent years, the World Heritage Center has put efforts into developing a framework and measures for evaluation and management of cultural landscapes. Moreover, the concept of authenticity; as the transmitter of values and significance of cultural landscape, is considered as the key component in the process of cultural landscape conservation. A lot of scientific resources have pointed out the importance of authenticity in the process of conserving cultural landscapes. However, the role of authenticity within the domain of conservation of cultural landscapes has received little attention. One of the main reasons can be lack of adaptation between conventional definitions of UNESCO and international documents concerning the authenticity for including the flexible and dynamic structure of cultural landscapes around the world. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore and develop a flexible framework in order to redefine the concept of authenticity in relation to cultural landscapes, which has some overlaps with UNESCO definitions despite its differences. For developing this framework, Iranian-Islamic philosophy of Mollasadra is applied and described with some examples of cultural landscapes in Iran.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.473
Role on Alterations of Biyological Organisms on Natural Stones,Doğal Taşlarda...yusuf kopal
Role on Alterations of Biyological Organisms on Natural Stones,Doğal Taşlarda Biyolojik Organizmaların Değişikliklerinin Rolü(mühendislik bilimleri ,inşaat mühendisliği)
İNŞAAT & MİMARLIK BİLGİSİ (CONSTRUCTION & ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE)CONSTRUCTION & ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE
inşaat mühendisliği ve mimarlık alanında bilgilendirici bir eser.
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Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies interms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
CONFERENCE SUMMARY
World Association for Scientific Research and Technical Innovation (WASRTI)
5th International Conference on Researches in Science and Technology (ICRST)
01-02 September 2016, Faculty of Art and Science (Fen Edebiyat Department), A Block, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
Global tourism is widely expected to be a growing industry. But in the wake of globalization places have increasingly become destinations, and can be seen both as relatively independent and also interwoven in complex relations of cooperation, competition or interdependency. In order to succeed in a global environment, destination management and branding has therefore become a relevant topic for the tourism industry, which is also true for the Mediterranean region
The environment has been erroneously perceived as a god’s-given resource to be explored and exploited for production of goods and services necessary for the satisfaction of human needs and comfort. This perception inspired man to engage in breath-taking explorations into the huge vaults of the heavens with ozone layer depletion, green house effect as consequences resulting to global warming, climate change, loss of biodiversity on one hand and pollution, deforestation, flooding, draught, famine, flood, extreme weather events on the other hand, as global catastrophic threats to human kind. These problems have become a major concern of the international community who has called for a new type of education for a better understanding of the complexity of the problems of the environment as well as for effective management of environmental resources. This type of education is referred to as environmental education. This paper explored the library as a medium for the dissemination of knowledge of the environment and its problems. It explored various ways through which knowledge of environmental problems and their prevention is promoted through the instrumentality of the library. It concludes that library as a reservoir of knowledge should be equipped with materials containing information on environmental problems and as well as be made accessible to all humans in every part of the globe.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
A definition of authenticity concept in conservation of cultural landscapesDorna Eshrati
Cultural landscape can be defined as the result of human interaction with nature over time, which has led to the formation of the many and diverse layers of value. Currently, the UNESCO World Heritage Centre has a unique role among other scientific associations. In recent years, the World Heritage Center has put efforts into developing a framework and measures for evaluation and management of cultural landscapes. Moreover, the concept of authenticity; as the transmitter of values and significance of cultural landscape, is considered as the key component in the process of cultural landscape conservation. A lot of scientific resources have pointed out the importance of authenticity in the process of conserving cultural landscapes. However, the role of authenticity within the domain of conservation of cultural landscapes has received little attention. One of the main reasons can be lack of adaptation between conventional definitions of UNESCO and international documents concerning the authenticity for including the flexible and dynamic structure of cultural landscapes around the world. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore and develop a flexible framework in order to redefine the concept of authenticity in relation to cultural landscapes, which has some overlaps with UNESCO definitions despite its differences. For developing this framework, Iranian-Islamic philosophy of Mollasadra is applied and described with some examples of cultural landscapes in Iran.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.473
Role on Alterations of Biyological Organisms on Natural Stones,Doğal Taşlarda...yusuf kopal
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Kerpiç materyallerin yapısında bozulmalar meydana gelmesi (The deterioration of the structure of mudbrick materials)
1. I
PROCEEDINGS
For the Fifth International Conference
kerpiç'16
Cultural Landscape:
Rebuilding after Decay
17-18 December 2016
Organized by
Istanbul Aydın University
Kerpiç Network
2. II
ISBN:..................................
Proceedings for the
5. International Conference kerpiç'16
Cultural Landscape:
Rebuilding after Decay
17-18 December 2016
Organized by
Istanbul Aydın University
Kerpiç Network
Themes of the Conference
1. Rebuilding cultural landscape after disaster, war, terrorism
2. Social, cultural, touristic reuses of heritage
3.Commercial development
4. Changes in traditional heritage value of society
5. Housing environment
6. Standards and guidelines for rebuilding
7. Advances in researches
Printed by
Print Date
DECEMBER 2016
3. III
Conference Chair
Prof.Dr.Bilge IŞIK
Book Editor
Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK
Associate Editor
Asst.Prof.Dr. Gökçen F. Yücel
Conference Secretary
Asst.Prof.Dr. GökçenFirdevs YÜCEL
Organizing Committee
Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Asst.Prof.Dr. GökçenFirdevs YÜCEL
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Asst. Prof. SeyhanYardımlı
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Book Graphic Design
Instructor Ozan Sagat
Istanbul Aydın University
Faculty of Architecture and Design
Beşyol, Florya, Istanbul, Turkey
htpp://www.aydin.edu.tr
info@aydin.edu.tr
http://kerpicc2016.wixsite.com/kerpic2016
4. IV
Dear Colleagues,
Istanbul Aydin University and The Kerpiç Network are pleased to welcome you to the fifht
International Conference on kerpic’16 - Cultural Landscape: Rebuilding after Decay,17-
18December 2016, Istanbul, Turkey.
Kerpiç–network is carrying researches over thirty years on durability, seismic response and
production techniques on earthen construction material. Durability researches are based
on gypsum & lime stabilization of earth, called “alker”; seismic response researches are
based on horizontal energy dissipation surfaces in the load bearing walls and production
techniques are based on compacting and shote-crete production of earthen walls
The conference scope will focus on Diyarbakır‐ SUR area in Turkey or on nearly problems
arround the world, and the study will range from the graduate programs, preparing the
students to the contemporary knowledge and skills, and bring together the academics and
professionals to exchange findings and experience. It will be an opportunity to understand
the strategy and the advances of the Cultural Landscape.
Our deepest thanks goes to ICOMOS, ISCEAH members who supported the conference as
scientific committee.
It is our pleasure to welcome you to the international conference kerpic’16.
Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK, Conference Chair
5. V
HONOUR COMMITTEE
Mustafa AYDIN, Dr.,Istanbul Aydin University Board of Trustees Chairman
Yadigar IZMIRLI, Prof.Dr.,Rector,Istanbul Aydin University
Turhan Nejat ARAL,Prof.Dr., Dean, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Architecture and Design
HüseyinErol AKATA,Prof.Dr., Dean, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering
Murat ERGİNÖZ, Prof.Dr., Head of Interior Architecture Department
Prof.Dr. Hasan SAYGIN,Prof.Dr., Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Bilge IŞIK, CONFERENCE CHAIR, ICOMOS ISCEAH (International Scientific Committee of
Earthen Architectural Heritage), Istanbul Aydin University
Turhan Nejat ARAL (IAU‐TR),
Murat ERGİNÖZ (IAU‐TR),
Fatma SEDES (IAU‐TR),
Zülküf GÜNELİ (Dicle Uni‐TR),
Eser GÜLTEKİN (Çoruh,Uni. TR),
Dilek YILDIZ (İTÜ‐TR),
Şefika ERGİN (Dicle Uni.‐TR),
Tülay TULUN (İTÜ‐ TR),
Hüseyin AYATULLAHI (Yazd Uni.‐Iran),
Mohammad Yosof ALAIDAROOS (ICOMOS‐Saudi Arabia),
Randolph LANGENBACH (USA),
Marcial BLONDET (ISCEAH‐Peru),
Severio MECCA (Uni.Florence‐Italy),
Gouhar SHEMDIN (ISCEAH‐Canada),
Humberto VARUM (ISCEAH‐ Portugal),
Rasool VATANDOUST (ISCElAH‐ Iran),
Pete WALKER (ISCEAH‐ Director BRE Centre, England).
6. VI
Kerpic’16 - Cultural Landscape: Rebuilding after Decay,
5. International Conference
17-18 December 2016, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey
OPENING REMARKS
Speaker 1. Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK (Conference Chair)
Speaker 2. Prof.Dr. Yadigar IZMIRLI (Rector)
Speaker 3. Prof.Dr. CelalNazımİrem (Unesco Chair, IAU)
7. VII
CONTENTS
1. Prof. Dr. MarcialBlondet, Nicola Tarque, Julio Vargas,
Pontifical Catholic University, Lima, Peru
(Re)construction of earthquake-resistant earthen buildings
1
2. Assoc.Dr. F. MeralHalifeoğlu,
Dicle University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
The culture of the city regaining a historical mansion in Diyarbakır: CemilPasa
mansion
10
3. Assoc.Dr. Kamuran Sami,
Dicle University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Diyarbakır historical Suriçi and a conflicting environment: a cultural heritage with its
color fadded and devastation of collective memory
18
4. Assoc.Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hossein Ayatollahi, Fatemeh M. Bafghi, Amir
S.Pakseresht,
Yazd University, School of Art and Architecture, Yazd, IRAN
The role of wind as a generator of cultural landscape in desert climate of Iran
19
5. Dr. SomayehOmidvari, Elaheh Golzari,
Yazd University School of Art and Architecture, Yazd, Iran
Tourism of Qanat: renewal after drought
27
6. Asst.Prof.Dr. NerimanFarahza, Sassan Seyedkalal, Yazd University School of
Art and Architecture, Yazd, Iran
Vazir historical complex: past, present, future
conservation, restoration, rehabilitation and revitalization
35
7. Prof.Dr.ZülküfGüneli,
IAU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul,Turkey
Urban texture and identity from past to present in Diyarbakır Suriçi
44
8. Dr.ŞenizAtik, AltanAtik, MerveÖzkılıç,
IAU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul, Turkey
Reconstruction of cultural landscape after disasters
45
9. AyselTarım, Asst.Prof.Dr. SibelHattap,
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey
Global rebuilding: Cumalıkızık Case
58
10. Asst.Prof.Dr. Murat DAL,Munzur University,
Department of Civil Engineering, Tunceli, Turkey
Decay occuring in the structure in the adobe materials
71
8. VIII
11. Asst.Prof.Dr. FatmaSedes,
IAU, Architecture Restoration Program, Istanbul, Turkey
Man’s decay to historical environment in Zeyrek: a change on the physical texture
81
12. Asst.Prof.Dr. ŞefikaErgin,Dicle
University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Cultural landscape in the rural settlements of Diyarbakır province
92
13. Chiara Braucher, MattiaGiandomenici,
Genova, Italy
Lessons from Van territory (step 1) adobe construction heritage, technics
105
14. Asst.Prof.Dr. SeyhanYardımlı, Murat Dal,
Istanbul Aydin University Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul, Turkey
Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take
120
15. Negar Javadi, Sara Khooshro,
Iran
Temporary Accommodation and Build shelter for survivors of disasters (Sur-Turkey)
129
9. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
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Decays occuring in the structure in adobe materials
Murat DAL
Munzur University, Department of Civil
Engineering, Tunceli.
muratdal@munzur.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
The defects occuring in the structure of the adobe materials are directly related to the
structure of the materias used in the production of adobe, production techniques and
related to the environmental conditions. In order to understand the reasons which cause the
defect, decay types and the decay causes must be understanded. Reasons causing a
disorder in the structure of adobe are divided into two groups such as physical and
biological reasons. In order to detect the source problems, decays in adobe buildings were
grouped and the sort of the decays were considered. The most important sources of the
decays are the water and the moisture.
Keywords: Adobe, water - moisture, structure, defect, decay
1 INTRODUCTION
Adobe is a construction material obtained by mixing clayey soil of suitable qualities with
hay or other vegetable fibers (material such as reedy plants, weeds, hemp fibers, waste hay
gathered from barn feed, dry briar brush, pine needles, tree branches, sawdust, etc,),
kneading the mixture with water and shaping it by pouring it into molds and having it dry
outside [1]. The microstructure characteristics in adobe material offer differences
according to the composite materials. (Figure 1).
30% of the world’s population lives in adobe structures (Figure 2). Approximately 50% of
the populations of developing countries, 20% of urban populations, as well as the majority
of rural populations live in earthen and earthen-based structures [2, 3].
10. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
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Figure 1. Microscopic view of adobe materiasl under a polarized microscope [1].
Adobe structure is the oldest construction type, dating back approximately 9000 years [3].
In order to sustain their lives, people benefitted from the natural materials found in their
proximity, such as earth and trees. Adobe was used during early civilization in areas where
natural building materials such as stone and timber didn’t exist. The Sumerians, Assyrians,
Egyptians and Hittites used adobe to construct masonry (bearing) structures. Besides
homes, this earthern material was used since prehistoric times in monumental structures
such as barns, palaces, fortresses, cities walls, and towers [4, 5] (Figure 3, Figure 4).
Amongst the regions where adobe is commonly used are; Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley,
North Africa, Mali, Morocco, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Afghanistan, India, China, Sweden,
Germany, Denmark, France (15% of its population), Spain, Portugal, England, South
America, Mexico, and especially in California, where construction of adobe structures
rises by 30% a year [2].
The positive aspects to traditional adobe [9, 10, 11, 12]: Soil, which is the main ingredient
of adobe, is found in every region. It is easily produced and doesn’t require much technical
knowledge. It’s low cost and labor fees are cheap. It offers decent insulation against cold
and hot temperature conditions. It provides heat insulation in buildings. It is fire-resistant.
It provided sound insulation, depending on the material characterstics. It consumes little
energy in its production and utilization. For instance, while 300 – 500 kw/h energy is
required to produce 1 m³ of concrete, only 3 – 5 kw/h energy is sufficient to obtain the
same amount of adobe. It doesn’t spoil the environment. It’s impervious to pest and it’s
easy to maintain and repair.
The negative aspects of traditional adobe [9, 13]: It is vulnerable against water. Its
production depends on weather conditions as adobe cannot be produced in wet weather. It
exhibits disintegration subject to tensioning, buckling and cracking during the drying
process. Tensioning and contraction forms in its internal structure due to temperature
fluctuations. It requires regular maintenance and repairs.
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International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
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Figure 2. Disdtribution of people living in a building made of adobe material [2].
Figure 3. Settlemenet buildings constructed from adobe material, Akçadağ [7].
Adobe structures are rare structures that are adversely affected by atmospheric weather
conditions. They are structures that suffer heavy damage, particularly from rain, snow and
wind. Moreover, degradation is commonly seen from the standpoint of fires, earthquakes
and the use of faulty material.
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Figure 4. A house constructed from adobe materials, Cumalıkızık, Bursa [8].
2 DECAYS OF THE ADOBE STRUCTURES
The defects occuring in the structure of the adobe materials are directly related to the
structure of the materias used in the production of adobe, production techniques and
related to the environmental conditions. In order to understand the reasons which cause the
defetct, decay types and the decay causes must be understanded. Reasons causing a
disorder in the structure of adobe are divided into two groups such as physical and
biological reasons. The most important sources of the decays are the water and the
moisture.
2.1 Physical Deterioration
Water accumulating on adobe structure floors in the form of rain and snow causes damage
to structure facades as it creeps up the façades via capillary suction. Disintegration and
degradation is seen in these façade due to water and moisture factors. Soluble salts found
in high amounts in the soil used in the making of adobe material bring on structural
problems. Adobe in structures that are exposed to this situation begin to break down with
the rainwater. Raindrops striking wall surfaces in windy weather cause piece breakage in
the wall. [14, 15, 16, 17, 18].
Degradation of the north facade of adobe structures impacted by snow, rain and wind such
as plaster cracking (Figure 5), plaster damage (Figure 6), and erosion of adobe materials
(Figure 7, Figure 8) is commonly encountered[19].
13. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
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Figure 5. Decays caused by rain at the sides of the building with and without effect of the
wind.
Figure 6. Decays caused by rain at the most outer plaster of the adobe building. The
decays does not look esthetic.
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Figure7. Since a periodical maintenance on the building was not done, the plaster and the
paint of the building felt down.
2.2 Biyological Degradation
Hay, etc. and other vegetation used in the making of adobe is a source of nutrition for ants
and other life forms. Reptiles, rodents, insects, bacteria, fungi and vegetation species that
live in the soil environment play active roles in the degradation of adobe structures. For
instance, life forms that feed off plant roots in the adobe structure cause the weakening,
breakdown and erosion of the adobe by opening channels to reach the roots of these plants
[20, 21] (Figure 8, Figure 9).
Figure 8. A view of a wall made of adobe material which consists of big agregate[22].
15. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
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Figure 9. Plants growing up in an adobe house causes biological decays. Adobe
constructed building in Dodoma, Tanzania [23].
2.3 Deterioration Due To Inappropriate Use Of Materials and Faulty Interventions
The high percentage of soluble salts contained in mortar structures with Portland cement
used in adobe renovations causes major damage as the renovated structure is very hard and
possesses a different thermal expansion coefficient [24].
Figure 10. Decays caused by unappropriate materials used in the construction [21].
2.4 Earthquake Damage
Adobe structures are very heavy structures. A layer of mud plaster during annual repairs
adds additional weight to the structure. The balance of the walls bearing the weight of the
structure is ruined and collapses as it tips over in a minor earthquake [25, 26].
As is seen in Figure 11, some of the adobe structures and the masonry with rubble and
earthen mortar stone wall experienced major damage in an earthquake that struck Elazığ on
8 Mart 2010. When in fact, had a suitable design and project with proper production
techniques and production materials been inplemented, these adobe structures would have
been sufficiently resistant against such an earthquake [27] (Figure 11).
16. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016
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Figure 11. Destroyed adobe buildings in Elazığ earthquake[27].
3 CONCLUSION
In order to detect the source of the problems, decays in adobe buildings were groupped and
the sort of the decays were considered. A great deal of structural damage stemming from
water-moisture exists in buildings constructed from adobe materials. Adobe structures built
in accordance with technical specifications are quite durable. Because the wall element
block and mortar is soil-based, the adobe walls, which exhibit a homogenous cutaway and
characteristic, are sufficiently perserved from the effects of rain and frost and are more
durable than rubble masonry structure walls. Adobe structuresı are also more durable than
structures with flat roofs, masonry and mud mortar in earthquakes. However, There are
some matters that need to be taken into consideration while formulating adobe structures.
The life of the structure will be extended and they’ll be relatively healthier than other
structures as long as these matters are adhered to. First and foremost is that the structure’s
foundation section must be made from stone by using concrete mortar. Whenever mud
mortar is used instead of concrete mortar, the effect of moisture and water causes major
damage to the foundation and reduces the building’s resistance. The adobe material to be
used after emerging from the foundation must be in accordance with regulations. The soil
to be used must have a high element of cohesiveness and should not contain very large
aggregate. Grouting needs to be cut straight and bands need to be shot between them.
Water-moisture insulation needs to be applied to the structure’s outer surface in order to
avoid such detrimental affects. Problems shall not occur with the building’s durability if
the insulation is applied properly. The greatest problems are seen particularly with water
flowing off the roof or the wind blasting the rain onto the outer walls. In comparing the
facades that are exposed to the wind and those that are not, it is seen that the outer earthern
mortar flakes off together with the rain. As there is no such situation on the facade not
exposed to the wind, its mortar appears as sound as it was when it was first applied. For
this reason, the application of anti-moisture insulation will eliminate several problems.
Measures need be taken in regards to insulation against rising ground water and humidity
in the flooring and walls. The rain and snow running off the roof must dissolve in a manner
so as not to ruin the adobe materials, and be removed from the structure in the most
convenient manner. Today’s insulation materials, techniques and Technologies must be
utilized in the expulsion of the water on the roof.As a result of this study, damage incurred
in adobe structures was observed to occur due to precipitation, ground water, water
flowing off roof eaves, neglect, lack of interest and misuse.
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18. Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
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