Quality Tools

1. Quality Tools
Quality Management &
Planning Tools
Dr. Eman Taher
QMS Certified Lead Auditor
TQM Professional

2. (7) Quality Management & Planning Tools
 Affinity Diagrams (similar to Mind Mapping)
 Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC) (Structures)
 Interrelationship Digraphs (Relations Diagram)
 Activity Network Diagrams (AON & AOA)
 Tree Diagrams (Decomposition Hierarchy like WBS)
 Prioritization Matrices (Weighted Criteria Decision
Making)
 Matrix Diagrams (2by2 or 3by3 Matrices)

3. 1. Affinity Diagrams
 It is a management (Business) Tool.
 Used in Organizing of large amounts of ideas/data in categories
 It allows a group to creatively generate a large number of
ideas/issues and then organize them and summarize natural
groupings among them to understand the essence of a
problem and breakthrough solutions.
 It is a tool for brainstorming used after brainstorming exercise
 Sometimes is drawn into a mind map‐

5. Mind Mapping

6. 2. Process Decision Program Charts
 It is A planning Tool .
 Used to understand a goal in relation to the steps for
getting to the goal.
 Is a tool for identifying and documenting the steps required
to complete a process.
 It is also useful for anticipating any issues and problems
that might surface in the implementation of the process.

7. 2. Process Decision Program Charts
When to Use PDPC:
1. Before implementing a plan, especially when the plan is
large and complex.
2. When the plan must be completed on schedule.
3. When the price of failure is high
Example:
Below is a PDPC for the implementation of
statistical process control in the machining area
of a plant

8. 2. Process Decision Program Charts

9. 3. Interrelationship Digraphs
• To allow a team to systematically identify, analyze, and classify
the cause and effect relationship that exist among all critical
issues so that key drivers or outcomes can become the heart
of an effective solution.
• Relations Diagrams are drawn to show all the different
relationships between factors, areas, or processes.
• It encourages team members to think in multiple directions
rather than linearly.

10. 3. Interrelationship Digraphs

11. 4. Activity Network Diagrams
 It is a planning tool.
 Tool for determining shortest time for
accomplishing a task and graphically displaying
activity flow.
Example:
Activity Precedence Duration
A 4‐
B A 5
C 6‐
D B,C 3

12. 4. Activity Network Diagrams
I. Activity on Node (AON)
Nodes represent activities and arrows show
dependencies
start
A
4
D
3
C
6
Finish
B
5

13. 4. Activity Network Diagrams
II. Activity on Arrow (AOA)
Arrows represent activities and nodes show
start and end
2
1 3 4
A
4
C
6
B
5
D
3

14. 5. Tree Diagrams
• A tree diagram outlines the steps for implementing an action
by listening all the basic tasks needed to achieve that
outcome .
• It is a planning tool used to map out the tasks that need to
be accomplished in order to achieve a primary goal and all
related sub goals.‐
• It is used to subdividing major items into smaller, more
manageable components so called Work breakdown
structure (WBS).
• provides an easy to read graphical representation of the work
and provides a logical structure for studying an effort.

15. 5. Tree Diagrams

16. 5. Tree Diagrams
Planning Matrix:
 Assigns each task in a tree diagram to an
individual, group, or Function.
 Tree diagrams with who & when (dead
time)

17. 6. Prioritization Matrices
(Remedy Selection Matrix)
 Identify the key issues and the suitable
alternatives to be prioritized as a set of decisions
for implementation.
 Criteria are prioritized and weighted before being
applied to all available alternatives to obtain a
mathematical score that ranks the options

18. Prioritization Matrices
(Remedy Selection Matrix)
Evaluate Alternatives:
 Deciding on the improvement range of possible
improvements that will best remove or reduce the effect of
the root cause (s).
 All possible improvements are not equally good.
Evaluation Criteria:
 Total cost:
 Impact on the problem.
 Benefit/Cost relationship.
 Culture impact/resistance to change.
 Implementation time.
 Health, Safety, and the environment.
 Risk

19. Prioritization Matrices
(Remedy Selection Matrix)
Averaging:
Criteria Solution 1 Score Solution 2 Score
1 10/10 5/10
2 10/10 5/10
3 5/10 10/10
4 5/10 10/10
5 5/10 10/10
Total 35/50 40/50
Total (%) 70% 80%

20. Prioritization Matrices
(Remedy Selection Matrix)
Weighted Average:
Criteria Weight Solution1 Solution 1 Solution2 Solution 2
Score Actual Score Score Actual Score
1 40% 10/10 400 5/10 200
2 40% 10/10 400 5/10 200
3 10% 5/10 50 10/10 100
4 5% 5/10 25 10/10 50
5 5% 5/10 25 10/10 50
Total 900/1000 600/1000
Total (%) 90% 60%

21. Matrix Diagrams (Relationships Matrix)
 A quality management and control tool used to
perform data analysis within the organizational
structure created in the matrix.
 The matrix diagram seeks to show the strength of
relationships between factors, causes, and
objectives that exist between the rows and
columns that form the matrix.

22. Matrix Diagrams (Relationships Matrix)
2 by 2 Matrix:
3 9
1 3
1
Low
3
High
1
Low
3
High
Factor X
Factor Y

23. Matrix Diagrams (Relationships Matrix)
3 6 9
2 4 6
1 2 3
Factor X
Factor Y
1
Low
1
Low
2
Med
2
Med
3
High
3
High
3 by 3 Matrix: