Humans are natural born explorers, we charge into unchartered territory to seek out the unknown, we have mapped nearly every inch of Mother Earth and left tracks on the moon. But to set foot on another planet, to travel beyond our solar system, that’s the dream of the future. This presentation deals with quest of new worlds and the fate of humanity. Sounds like a job for explorers of tomorrow, but the search of another earth is happening right now. Although this sounds like a realm of science fiction, the aspects covered are rooted in real science.

1. “MANKIND'S NEXT STEP WILL BE OUR GREATEST”

2. POTENTIAL HABITABLE
EXOPLANETS:
INTERSTELLAR SPACE TRAVEL AS MANKIND’S SALVATION

5. EARTH AND OUR UNIVERSE

6. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the earliest known periods of the universe. It states
that the Universe was in a very high density state and then expanded.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

7. A huge cluster of stars and their planets and
diffuse gas between the stars.
The earliest galaxy was born when the universe
was a few hundred million years old.
• Number of galaxy in universe = roughly 1 trillion
• Largest galaxy contain a few trillion stars
(1 million light year across)
• Smallest galaxy contain about 10 million stars
(1000 light year across)
GALAXY
Abell 1689; A rich cluster of galaxies and many other distant galaxies, as
photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope

8.  Earth resides in galaxy called Milky Way
• Nearest galaxy to Milky Way is
Andromeda (2.5 million light-years from
Earth).
• Distance across Milky Way is about
100,000 light year cross.

9. SOLAR SYSTEM
 Our Sun is a relatively
powerful star in Milky
Way.
 Eight planets including
Earth travel around the
Sun in elliptical orbit along
with many dwarf planets.
 12 billion kilometres in
diameter (11 light year
across)
 Distance to nearest star,
Proxima Centauri = 4.24
light years

10. SPACE EXPLORATION TIMELINE

11. 1600-1960
July 5, 1687 Publication of Principia
1813 First Exposition of Rocket Mechanics
1903 Publication of Exploration of Cosmic Space
1914 Goddard's Rocket Patents
May, 1924 Soviet Rocket Society Established
March 16, 1926 First Liquid Fueled Rocket Launched
1927 Rocket Club
1933 Aggregate Rocket Series
October 3, 1942 First Suborbital Flight
May 10, 1946 First U.S. High Altitude Flight
May 22, 1946 First American-Designed Rocket Reaches Space
February 20, 1947 First Animals in Space
August 21, 1957 First Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
October 4, 1957 First Artificial Satellite by Russia
November 3, 1957 First Live Animal in Space
January 31, 1958 First American Satellite
October 1, 1958 NASA is Born
January 2, 1959 First Spacecraft to Achieve Solar Orbit
September 12, 1959 First Spacecraft to Impact on the Moon
October 4, 1959 First View of Moon's Far Side
April 1, 1960 First Weather Satellite
The English astronomer Sir Isaac Newton
publishes the Philosophae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. This three-volume
work outlines Newton's three laws of
motion as well as his law of universal
gravitation and a derivation of Kepler's
laws for the motion of the planets. The
Principia is considered by many to be one
of the most important scientific works ever
written.
The Soviet Union ushers in a new era—the space age—
with the launch of Sputnik 1. A technological feat, the
beach ball-size satellite weighs 184 pounds (84
kilograms) and takes 98 minutes to orbit Earth
The Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 was
launched with a dog named Laika
on board. Laika did not survive the
voyage.
America launched its first satellite.
Weighing only 30 pounds, Explorer 1 was
launched into orbit by the Army on a
Jupiter-C rocket. The satellite contained
several scientific instruments. This mission
discovered the radiation belts surrounding
the Earth.

12. 1961-1970
April 12, 1961 First Man in Space
May 5, 1961 First American in Space
May 25, 1961 President Kennedy's Historic Speech
February 20, 1962 First American in Orbit
March 18, 1965 First Space Walk
July 14, 1965 First Close-up Images of Mars
February 3, 1966 First Spacecraft to Land on the Moon
June 2, 1966 First American Spacecraft on the Moon
January 27, 1967 First U.S. Space Tragedy
April 23, 1967 First Spaceflight Casualty
October 18, 1967 First Venus Probe
September 15, 1968 First Moon Orbit
October 11, 1968 First Manned Apollo Mission
December 21, 1968 First Manned Moon Orbit
July 20, 1969 First Manned Moon Landing
April 11, 1970 Apollo 13 Launch
September 12, 1970 First Automated Return of Lunar Soil
November 17, 1970 First Robotic Lunar Mission
December 15, 1970 First Landing on Venus
Russian Cosmonaut Yuri
Alekseyevich Gagarin became the
first human to venture into space.
On May 5, 1961, Astronaut Alan
Shepard became the first American
to be launched into space.
Alexei Leonov performed the
first, tethered space walk
outside of his spacecraft while
in Earth’s orbit.
Apollo 7, the first
Apollo mission to
get astronauts off
the ground.
Apollo 11 makes the first successful soft landing on the
Moon. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, Jr. become the
first human beings to set foot on another world.
“One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”
"Houston, we have a problem"
Apollo 13 is launched, suffering an explosion in its
SM oxygen tanks. Its Moon landing is aborted, and
the entire world watches as James A. Lovell, Jr., John
L. Swigert, Jr. and Fred W. Haise, Jr., struggle for
days to survive. They return safely to Earth after
several harrowing days in space.

13. 1971-1980
April 19, 1971 First Space Station
June 6, 1971 First Occupation of Space Station
July 30, 1971 First Lunar Rover Mission
November 13, 1971 First Spacecraft to Orbit Another Planet
December, 1972 First Black Hole Candidate
May 14, 1973 First U.S. Space Station
May 25, 1973 First Skylab Crew
July 17, 1975
First International Space Rendezvous
October, 1975 First Surface Images of Venus
July 20, 1976 First Surface Images of Mars
September, 1976 Discovery of Water Frost on Mars
August-September,
1977
Launch of Historic Voyager Missions
December, 1978 U.S. Probes Arrive at Venus
March 5, 1979 Voyager 1 Arrives at Jupiter
July 9, 1979 Voyager 2 Arrives at Jupiter
September 1, 1979 First Images of Saturn
November 12, 1980 Voyager 1 Arrives at Saturn
American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz
spacecraft dock in what is the first
international spacecraft rendezvous.
Known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test
Project,
The Salyut 1 space station is
launched by the Soviet Union
and become the first space
station in orbit. It remains in
orbit until May 28, 1973.
The United States
launches Skylab, the first
U.S. space station. It will
be occupied by three
crews and over the next
few years will be an
important arena for a
number of scientific
experiments.
The first pictures of the surface of
Mars are sent back to Earth by
Viking 1, the first U.S. spacecraft
to successfully land a on another
planet. The pictures reveal a
rocky, desolate landscape that
shows no signs of life.
NASA launches two spacecraft, The Voyager 1 and
Voyager 2 spacecraft leave Earth on an epic tour of the
Solar System. They will soon meet with Jupiter in 1979
and Saturn in 1980.

14. 1981-1990
April 12, 1981 First Space Shuttle Launch (Columbia)
August 25, 1981 Voyager 2 Arrives at Saturn
March 1, 1982 First Venus Soil Samples
May 13, 1982 New Space Endurance Record
November 11, 1982 First Operational Space Shuttle Mission
April 4, 1983 Maiden Voyage of Challenger
June 19, 1983 First American Woman in Space
February 3, 1984 First Untethered Spacewalk
August 30, 1984 Maiden Voyage of Discovery
October 3, 1985 Maiden Voyage of Atlantis
January 24, 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger Tragedy
February 20, 1986 Mir Station Launched
September 29, 1988 Space Shuttle Returns to Flight (Discovery)
August 25, 1989 Voyager 2 Arrives at Neptune
April 24, 1990 Launch of Hubble Space Telescope
August 10, 1990 Magellan Arrives at Venus
The first manned mission of the
Space Transportation System
(STS-1), Columbia, is launched by
NASA. This mission, as well as
the next three, will be a test flight
to try out the spacecraft's systems.
The Space Shuttle Columbia
begins its fifth mission, the first
operational Space Shuttle
mission. STS-5 launches with a
four-member crew on a five day
mission that deploys two
commercial satellites and
performs a number of scientific
experiments.
Astronaut Sally K. Ride
becomes the first American
woman to travel into space on
Space Shuttle Challenger
mission STS-7.
Astronaut Bruce McCandless
takes the first untethered
space walk using the new
Manned maneuvering Unit
(MMU).
The space shuttle Challenger
explodes shortly after liftoff of
mission STS-51L, resulting in the
loss of the spacecraft and her seven-
member crew. NASA grounds the
entire space shuttle fleet until safety
updates can be made.
A day after launching, the
space shuttle Discovery
opens its cargo bay doors to
deploy a unique cargo: the
12-ton Hubble Space
Telescope

15. 1991-2000
May 2, 1992 Maiden Voyage of Endeavour
February 3, 1994 First Russian Cosmonaut Aboard Shuttle
February 6, 1995 First Female Shuttle Pilot
March 22, 1995 New Space Endurance Record
June 25, 1995 First Shuttle Docks with Mir
December 7, 1995 Galileo Arrives at Jupiter
May 18, 1996 X PRIZE Competition Announced
September 26, 1996 Shannon Lucid Returns from Mir
July 4, 1997 Mars Pathfinder Lands on Mars
November 20, 1998 First ISS Module Launched
October 29, 1998 John Glenn Returns to Space
December 4, 1998 First American ISS Module
February 14, 2000 First Detailed Study of an Asteroid (Eros)
The Mars Pathfinder probe
lands on the surface of Mars.
A small robotic rover
examines the nearby terrain,
sending back amazingly
detailed images of the planet's
surface.
The Galileo spacecraft arrives at
Jupiter and a probe is dropped
into the planet's atmosphere. The
orbiter will spend the next two
years orbiting and studying the
planet and its moons.
Featuring a large number of
high-profile sponsors and
supporters, the X PRIZE offers
10 million dollars to the first
person or team to safely launch
and land a spacecraft capable of
carrying three people to a
suborbital altitude of 100
kilometers (62.5 miles) and repeat
the trip again within two weeks
A Russian Proton rocket is
launched from the Baikonur
Cosmodrome on the steppes
of the Asian nation of
Kazakstan. This rocket
carries the Russian-built
Zarya Control Module, the
first component what will be
the new International Space
Station (ISS).
The Space Shuttle Endeavour lifts off for space
carrying the Unity module for the International
Space Station (ISS). The unity module is
attached to the Russian Zarya module, which
was launched in November.

16. 2001-2010
February 12, 2001 First Landing on an Asteroid
February 14, 2001 100th U.S. Space Walk
March 11, 2001 New Space Walk Record
April 28, 2001 First Tourist in Space
February 1, 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster
October 15, 2003 First Chinese Manned Spaceflight
January 3, 2004 Spirit Rover Lands on Mars
January 25, 2004 Opportunity Rover Lands on Mars
June 21, 2004 First Manned Private Space Flight
July 1, 2004 Cassini Probe Arrives at Saturn
September 29, 2004 First X PRIZE Attempt
October 5, 2004 X PRIZE Awarded to SpaceShipOne
October 7, 2004 America's Space Prize Offered
January 14, 2005 First Landing on an Alien Moon
July 4, 2005 First Impact With a Comet
July 26, 2005 Space Shuttle Returns to Flight
January 15, 2006 First Comet Samples Returned to Earth
March 6, 2009 The Hunt for Extrasolar Planets
December 8, 2010 First Commercial Orbit and Return by SpaceX
The U.S. Near Earth
Asteroid Rendezvous
(NEAR) spacecraft began
transmitting images of the
asteroid Eros.
Returning from its 28th mission,
The space shuttle Columbia breaks
up in the atmosphere over Texas
while returning to the Kennedy
space center. The entire seven-
member crew is lost in the
accidentShuttle missions are
cancelled until 2005.
Spirit Rover Landing on Mars
followed by its twin the
Opportunity. Designed to last
only three months, they prove to
be tough and the mission is
continued for several years.
A winged spacecraft called SpaceShipOne
becomes the first privately financed vehicle to
officially make it into space and claimed the
Xprize Award.
The Kepler spacecraft launches on a
mission to search for planets outside our
solar system.

17. 2011-2014
March 18, 2011 First Spacecraft to Orbit Mercury
July 8, 2011 Final Flight of the Space Shuttle Program
July 18, 2011 Largest Space Telescope Launched
July 16, 2011 First Spacecraft to Orbit an Asteroid
May 22, 2012 First ISS Commercial Supply Mission
August 6, 2012 Curiosity Rover Lands on Mars
August 25, 2012 First Man-made Spacecraft in Interstellar
Space (Voyager 1)
October 14, 2012 First Skydive Jump to Break the Sound Barrier
August 6, 2014 First Spacecraft to Orbit a Comet by ESA
November 12, 2014 First Spacecraft to Land on a Comet by ESA
The space shuttle Atlantis
becomes the last American
space shuttle to be launched
into space. Mission STS-135
and its 4-member crew bring
much-needed supplies and
equipment to the International
Space Station (ISS).
Russia launches the Spektr-R which
becomes largest space telescope to be placed
into orbit. The telescope is intended for
radio-astrophysical observations of
extragalactic objects with ultra-high
resolution
SpaceX, a commercial space
company, launched its
Dragon C2+ mission to
resupply the International
Space Station (ISS)
NASA's Curiosity rover
successfully lands on Mars. It is
the largest and most advanced
rover ever to land on the red
planet. Curiosity's mission is to
investigate the climate and
geology of Mars and to search
the planet for signs of life.
NASA's Voyager 1 probe becomes the
first man-made spacecraft to cross into
interstellar space. Data received from the
probe indicate that it has passed a barrier
known as the heliosphere, which marks
the extreme outer edge of the Sun's
influence. Originally launched in 1977 to
study the Solar System, Voyager 1 is now
drifting in the space between the stars
and is headed for parts unknown..
The European Space Agency's Philae
lander becomes the first spacecraft to
make a soft landing on a comet. Philae
is released from the Rosetta space
probe and makes a perilous seven hour
descent to the surface of comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

18. THE HUNT FOR EXOPLANETS

19. RADIAL VELOCITY METHOD
The radial velocity method picks up on the tiny
wobbles an orbiting planet induces in its parent's
star's motion toward or away from Earth. This
technique is also known as the Doppler method
because it measures shifts in the star's light
caused by these gravitational tugs.
This technique is deployed by Earth-based instruments as
the HARPS spectrograph, on a telescope at the European
Southern Observatory's La Silla Observatory in Chile, and
the HIRES spectrograph, on Hawaii's Keck telescope.

20. KEPLER SPACE TELESCOPE
Launch in 7th March 2009, Keplar is a space
observatory developed by NASA specifically to discover Earth-
like planets orbiting other stars using transit method.

21. THE TRANSIT METHOD
The transit technique watches for the tiny reduction in a star's
brightness caused when a planet crosses (or transits) the
star's face, blocking some of its light.

22. KEPLER 16-B KEPLER 10-B

23. POTENTIAL HABITABLE WORLDS

24. WHAT IS NEEDED FOR LIFE?
A habitable planet have to be in the Goldilocks zone, the
region around a star within which planetary-mass
objects with sufficient atmospheric pressure can support liquid
water at their surfaces.

27. Criteria Definition
Earth Similarity Index
(ESI)
 Similarity to Earth based on size, temp, and radius on a scale from 0 to 1 (1 = most Earth-like)
Standard Primary
Habitability (SPH)
 Suitability for vegetation on a scale from 0 to 1 (1 being best-suited for growth)
Habitable Zone Distance
(HZD)
 Distance from the centre of the star's habitable zone (1 = inner edge of the zone, and +1 = outer
edge)
Habitable Zone
Composition (HZC)
 Measure of bulk composition, where values close to zero are likely ironrockwater mixtures. (x < 1
represent bodies likely composed mainly of iron, x > +1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of
gas.
Habitable Zone
Atmosphere (HZA)
 Potential for the planet to hold a habitable atmosphere (x < 1 represent bodies likely with little or no
atmosphere, x > +1 represent bodies likely with thick hydrogen atmospheres (e.g. gas giants) Values
between 1 and +1 are more likely to have atmospheres suitable for life
Planetary Class
(pClass)
 Classifies objects based on thermal zone (hot, warm, or cold, where warm is in the habitable zone)
 Mass (asteroidan, mercurian, subterran, terran, superterran, neptunian, and jovian).
Habitable Class
(hClass)
 Classifies habitable planets based on temperature:
Hypopsychroplanets (hP) = very cold (under −50°C); Psychroplanets (P) = cold; •
Mesoplanets (M) = medium-temperature (0-50°C, ideal for complex life);
Thermoplanets (T) = hot; Hyperthermoplanets (hT) = very hot (over 100°C)
 Non-habitable planets are simply given the class NH.
KEY FOR EXOPLANETS

28. Current Number of Potentially Habitable Exoplanets
Subterran
(Mars-size)
Terran
(Earth-size)
Superterran
(Super-Earth)
Total
0 10 19 29
http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog
Kepler findings:
 1,013 confirmed exoplanets in about 440 stellar systems.
 3,199 unconfirmed planet candidates.
 Possibly 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of
Sun-like and red dwarf stars (smaller and relatively cooler star) within
the Milky Way
 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.
20 of these planets are confirmed to be potentially habitable while the rest are candidates.
TOTAL
CONFIRMED
EXOPLANETS
= 1523

30. KEPLER 22-B
ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA
Earth 1.00 0.72 −0.50 −0.31 −0.52
Kepler 22B 0.71 0.53 −0.64 −0.12 +1.79
• Type: Warm Superterran
• Distance: 619.4 light years
• Orbital Period: 290 days
• Radius: 2.4 R⊕ (earth radius)
• Mass: Possibly 20.4 M⊕ (earth mass)
• Equilibrium Temperature: -12 °C
(Earth = -18°C)
• Stellar Flux: 1.175 F⊕ (receive 17% more light
than Earth does
Ave Surface Temperature
• If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect
similar in magnitude to the one on Earth,
average surface temperature = 22 °C
• If the atmosphere has a greenhouse effect
similar in magnitude to the one on Venus,
average surface temperature = 460 °C
One of the earliest exoplanet found by Kepler
Telescope, Kepler 22-B is an oceanic “”Super-
Earth” a Sun-like star, rocky in composition but
could also be ‘an ocean-like’ world with orbiting.
Parent Star: Kepler-22
• Type: Yellow Dwarf
(Similar to Sun)
• Mass/Radius: 0.97 M☉
• Temperature: 5,518 K
(Sun = 5,778 K)
• Luminosity = 0.79 F☉
• Ave distance from Kepler 22-B to
Kepler-22 = 15% less than Earth to
Sun

31. GLIESE 667Cc
ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA
Earth 1.00 0.72 −0.50 −0.31 −0.52
Gliese 667Cc 0.84 0.64 −0.62 −0.15 +0.21
Part of a triple-star system, a warm
planet ‘MARS look-alike‘ that is one of the
most similar in size to Earth found by
radial velocity method.
• Type: Warm Terran
• Distance: 22.7 light years
• Orbital Period: 28 days
~ Likely to be tidally locked to its
star, facing the same hemisphere
(like Moon to Earth)
• Radius: 1.54 R⊕
• Mass: Minimum 3.8 M⊕
• Equilibrium Temperature: 5.1°C
(Earth = -18°C)
• Surface Temperature could be 30º°C if
atmosphere is similar to Earth.
• Stellar Flux: 0.875 F⊕ (receive 90% of
the light Earth does but mostly infra-red)
Parent Star: Gliese 667C
• Constellation: Scorpius
• Type: Red Dwarf
• Radius: 0.42 R☉
• Mass: 0.31 M☉
• Temperature: 3,700 K
• Luminosity = 0.13 F☉
• Distance from Gliese 667Cc to its
star is closer to Mercury to our Sun.

33. KEPLER 62-E
ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA
Earth 1.00 0.72 −0.50 −0.31 −0.52
Kepler 62E 0.83 0.96 −0.70 −0.15 +0.28
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within the habitable
zone of Kepler-62, possibly rocky composition
with substantial amount of water, but with very
cloudy sky and is warmer, humid all the way to
the polar regions.
• Type: Warm Superterran
• Distance: 1200 light years
• Orbital Period: 122 days
• Radius: 1.6R⊕
(60% larger than Earth)
• Mass: Possibly 4.5M⊕
• Equilibrium Temperature: -12 °C
(Earth = -18°C)
• Stellar Flux: 1.2F⊕ (Received 20%
more sunlight than Earth)
Parent Star: Kepler-62
• Type: Orange Dwarf
• Constellation: Lyra
• Radius: 0.64R☉
• Mass: 0.69M☉
• Effective Temperature: 4,925K
• Luminosity: 0.21F☉

34. KEPLER 62-F
Key ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA
Earth 1.00 0.72 −0.50 −0.31 −0.52
Kepler 62F 0.67 0.62 +0.45 −0.16 +0.19
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within
the habitable zone of Kepler-62, the outermost
of five such planets and highly to be of rocky
composition with substantial amount of water,
or possibly completely covered by ocean.
• Type: Warm Superterran
• Distance: 1200 light years
• Orbital Period: 267days
• Radius: 1.4R⊕
• Mass: Possibly 2.8M⊕
• Equilibrium Temperature: -72 °C
(Earth = -18°C)
• Stellar Flux: 0.41F ⊕ (Received
40% less sunlight than Earth)
Parent Star: Kepler-62
• Type: Orange Dwarf
• Constellation: Lyra
• Radius: 0.64R☉
• Mass: 0.69M☉
• Effective Temperature: 4,925K
• Luminosity: 0.21F☉

35. ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA
Earth 1.00 0.72 −0.50 −0.31 −0.52
Kepler 438-B 0.88 0.88 −0.93 −0.14 −0.73
KEPLER 438-B
• Type: Warm Terran
• Distance: 470 light years
• Orbital Period: 35.2 days
• Radius: 1.12R⊕
• Mass: 1.3M⊕
• Equilibrium Temperature: 2.85 °C
(Earth = -18°C)
• Stellar Flux: 1.38F⊕ (Received 38%
more sunlight than Earth)
The most Earth-like planet recently
announced by NASA in January
2015, Kepler 438-B is a single
exoplanet slightly larger than Earth
circling in a red dwarf system.
Parent Star: Kepler-438
• Constellation: Lyra
• Type: Red Dwarf
• Radius: 0.52R☉
• Mass: 0.54M☉
• Effective Temperature: 3,748K
• Luminosity: 0.15F☉

36. KEPLER 186-F
ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA
Earth 1.00 0.72 −0.50 −0.31 −0.52
Kepler 186F 0.68 0.70 +0.48 −0.17 −0.26
Similar in size to Earth, many scientist considered
Keplar 186-F to be “Earth-cousin”, located at the
edge of Kepler 186 habitable zone and the
outermost of the five planets in the star system.
• Type: Warm Terran
• Distance: 496 light years
• Orbital Period: 130 days
• Radius: 1.1 R⊕
• Mass: 1.1 - 1.2 M⊕
• Equilibrium Temperature: -65.15 °C
• Distance Kepler 186F between Kepler 186
= Distance Mercury between Sun
Parent Star: Kepler-186
• Constellation: Cygnus
• Type: Red Dwarf
• Radius: 0.472R☉
• Mass: 0.478M☉
• Effective Temperature: 3,778K
• Luminosity: 0.041F☉

39. REALITY OF INTERSTELLAR SPACE TRAVEL

40. INTERSTELLAR DISTANCES
Object A.U. Light Time
Sun 1 8 minutes
The Moon 0.0026 1.3 seconds
Venus (nearest planet) 0.28 2.41 minutes
Neptune (farthest planet) 29.8 4.1 hours
Voyager 1 130.83 18.1 hours
Proxima Centauri
(nearest star)
268,332 4.24 years
Distance to Kepler 186-F
= 496 light years
= 4.69242209 x 1015 kilometers
Speed of Voyager 1 = 17 km/s or
61,400 km/hr
Time taken to reach Prozima
Centauri = 74,000 years
(speed of light, c = 299792458 metres per second OR
1080 million km/hour)

41. Accelerating object weighing one ton to 10% of the
speed of light requires at least 450 PJ or 4.5 x
1017 J or 125 tWh (world energy consumption in
2008 was 143,851 tWh)
REQUIRED ENERGY
”Interstellar travel won't be possible for at least 200
years. Forget cost, political will and all the other
variables, simply obtaining enough energy will take
until 2196”” - Marc Millis, former head of NASA's
Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project and founder of
the Tau Zero Foundation.
Vast scale of interstellar distances makes interstellar
travel require enormous amount of energy.
A speed of 0.1c can reach nearest star in 50 years

42. THREAT IN OUTER SPACE
Interstellar Dust and Gas
Star Explosion Black Hole
Cosmic Ray Radiation Asteroids

43. General Theory of Relativity
• Our universe consist of four-dimensional
spacetime and time is the fourth dimension.
• Spacetime is like a fabric that can be
changed and bend.
• Result of warping of objects resides on the
fabric is called Gravity
TIME DILATION

44. Bodies travelling at different speed will
experience time differently. Time will move
slower for an object that travel at higher
speed.
TIME DILATION
“””Gravity is a result of mass warping the fabric
of spacetime. Object resides in area with
higher gravitational field will experience
slower time.
General Theory of Relativity

45. TRAVEL IN SPACE
Chemical rockets are among the
least efficient and not
appropriate for interstellar
travel.
Nuclear Rockets
(Fusion or Fission)
Ion Drive
Plasma Drive
Chemical Rockets

46. MATTER/ANTIMATTER ANNIHILATION DRIVE
When a particle collide with it’s antimatter twins, they
are instantly converted into energy. This mutual
annihilation could conceivably provide enormous
amount of energy required for star travel.
The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of
matter would produce 2.0 x 1016 J (20 quadrillion
joules) of energy (World Energy Consumption (2008)
= 5.2 × 1021 joules)

47. THE PROBLEM IS FUEL
Example:
900
YEARS
journey to
Proxima
Centaury
Utilizing nuclear propulsion, sending
an object size of space shuttle
would require 1000 super tanks full
of fuel.
Even an antimatter rocket
would require 10 railway cars
worth of fuel.
X 1000

48. ARTIFICIAL BLACK HOLE
The artificial black hole would emit Hawking
radiation that could be focused to provide
thrust for rocket propulsion

49. LIGHT SAIL:
Leave Your Fuel Back Home
BUSSARD RAMJET:
Collect Fuel Along The Way
NON-ROCKET CONCEPTS
Sails that catch photons from the sun or giant laser beams.
Scoop up interstellar Hydrogen gas to power fusion.

50. Generation Ship
Sleeper’s Ship
SLOW BOAT: TO THE STARS, GRADUALLY
Seed Ship
Interstellar ark in which the crew
that arrives at the destination is
descended from those who
started the journey.
Passengers lie inert for long duration of
the voyage by human hibernation and
cryonic preservation.
A robotic space mission carrying
some number of frozen early stage
human embryos with help of
artificial uterus.

51. WORMHOLE

52. A wormhole, also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge is a
hypothetical topological feature that would fundamentally
be a shortcut through spacetime much like a tunnel with
two ends, each in separate points in the universe.
 Wormholes are predicted to exist in nature but in
submicroscopic level, about 10-33 centimetres in
diameter
 But this predicted wormholes collapse very quickly
even when single atom passing through without
addition of exotic matter (particle with negative mass
that exerts negative pressure eg. -5 kg)

53. Our four-dimensional universe can be thought of as a
flat membrane (or "brane") resides in a higher
dimensional void called "‘the bulk“.
The presence of mass distorts the membrane as if it
were a rubber sheet.

55. THE NEED OF ANOTHER HABITABLE PLANET

56. Time 09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)
Date 15 February 2013
Location •Russia
• Chelyabinsk Oblast
• Kurgan Oblast
• Orenburg Oblast
• Bashkortostan
• Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Tyumen Oblast
•Kazakhstan
• Aktobe Province
• Kostanay Province
Coordinates 55.150°N 61.410°E
Also known as Chelyabinsk meteorite
Cause Meteor air burst
Injuries 1,491
Property damage Over 7,200 damaged buildings,
collapsed factory roof, shattered
windows
HEAVENS COLLIDE
2013 Chelyabinsk Meteor

58. Five billion years or so from now, Earth's present orbit won't be a good place to be as the Sun will slowly fade and expand before
dying to its white dwarf stage. Best hope: Whoever is living here then is smart enough to move themselves...or move the Earth.
DYING OF THE LIGHT

59. Global Warming Overpopulation
Global PandemicNuclear Warfare/Mass Destruction
Crop Failure
Zombie Apocalypse AI Existential Risk

60. COLONIZATION OF MARS

61. LIVING ON MARS
With half the diameter of Earth, Mars has much lighter
gravity (one-third of Earth norm) and a much thinner
atmosphere. Humans cannot survive unaided on its surface.
HABITABLE? NO
• MARS air is 1% density of Earth’ and composed of more
than 95% CO2.
• Martian air has a partial pressure of CO2 at 0.71 kPa,
compared to 0.031 kPa on Earth that will cause
CO2 poisoning.
• Without global magnetic field, MARS cannot deflect
harmful radiation from space.
• Dust storms that could blanket the red planet for months
• Water exist exclusively on MARS in frozen state.

62. MARS ONE ENVISIONS A COLONY OF HUMANS ON THE RED PLANET,
STARTING IN 2025. PLENTY OF PEOPLE THINK THAT IS UNREALISTIC,
BUT THE NONPROFIT BASED IN NETHERLANDS IS VIGOROUSLY
RECRUITING POTENTIAL PIONEERS TO GO TO MARS, ONE-WAY, WITH
NO HOPE OF COMING BACK.
ONE WAY TO MARS
2013
April 22: Mars One begin searching for
volunteers for its $6 billion trip. More
than 200,000 applicant from 140
countries. Initial screening narrow it
down to 705 finalist.
2014
Dec 8: Mars One Chief Medical
Officer Norbert Kraft begins
interviews with each candidate
via a 15-minute video chat.
2015
Feb 13: 50 men and 50 women learn they’ve made
it to Round 3. Group challenges will test survival
skills and math ability.
By the end of the year, the group will be
winnowed to six teams of four (24 in total). They
will begin rigorous training until the first team
leaves for Mars.

63. Mars One plans to send
communicative satellite into
MARS orbit.
A rover and trailer will go first,
like a robotic scout team, to
find and prepare a place for
the settlement
A full-scale cargo mission will lift
off, with another rover, two “living
units,” two life-support systems and
a supply unit.
The rover will cart the cargo to
the spot it has prepared, deploy
the inflatable parts of the living
units, and connect the hoses
that transport water, air and
electricity around the
settlement.
The first Mars One crew will blast
off toward Mars in 7-8 month trip
If all goes as planned, the first humans
arrive on Mars and set up settlements.
The habitat will provide living space for
four people, with every square inch
fully utilized,
Mars One expects
that the second crew
of four will begin the
trip, and cargo for
the third crew will
be launched. The
process repeats
every two years.
2025
2018 2020 2022 2023
2024
2026
The Martians will have to be their
own repairmen, doctors, dentists
and farmers. They’ll need
spacesuits to walk outside.
2030

64. FUTURE SEARCH FOR EXOPLANETS

65. Characterising Exoplanets Satellite
James Webb Space Telescope
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
August 2017 October 2018 Q3 2017
Giant Magellan Telescope
2020
European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT)
2024

67. THANK YOU

68. THE ANSWER LIES ABOVE US