management

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Directorate Of Online Education
INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT SET-I
SESSION: FEB/MAR 2021
SEMESTER I
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
COURSE CODE & NAME
DMBA 102 – BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Prepared By:
ADITYA SHARMA
Roll Number: 2114103177
E-mail Id: Aditya.2114103177@mujonline.edu.in

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1. Discuss the Communication Process and Elaborate Various Barriers to
Communication.
Barriers to Communication
The communication barriers may prevent communication or carry incorrect meaning due to
which misunderstandings may be created. Therefore, it is essential for a manager to identify
such barriers and take appropriate measures to overcome them. The barriers to communication
in organizations can be broadly grouped as follows:
1. Semantic Barriers
These are concerned with the problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and
decoding of a message into words or impressions. Normally, such barriers result due to use of
wrong words, faulty translations, different interpretations, etc.
For example, a manager has to communicate with workers who have no knowledge of the
English language and on the other side, he is not well conversant with the Hindi language. Here,
language is a barrier to communication as the manager may not be able to communicate
properly with the workers.
2. Psychological Barriers

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Emotional or psychological factors also act as barriers to communication. The state of mind of
both sender and receiver of communication reflects in effective communication. A worried
person cannot communicate properly and an angry recipient cannot understand the message
properly.
Thus, at the time of communication, both the sender and the receiver need to be psychologically
sound. Also, they should trust each other. If they do not believe each other, they cannot
understand each other’s message in its original sense.
3. Organizational Barriers
The factors related to organizational structure, rules and regulations authority relationships, etc.
may sometimes act as barriers to effective communication. In an organization with a highly
centralized pattern, people may not be encouraged to have free communication. Also, rigid rules
and regulations and cumbersome procedures may also become a hurdle to communication.
4. Personal Barriers
The personal factors of both sender and receiver may act as a barrier to effective
communication. If a superior thinks that a particular communication may adversely affect his
authority, he may suppress such communication.
2. What is Non-Verbal Communication? Explain the Classification of Non-Verbal
Communication.
Nonverbal communication, also called manual language, is the process of sending and
receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written. Similar to the way that
italicizing emphasizes written language, nonverbal behavior may emphasize parts of a verbal
message.
The term nonverbal communication was introduced in 1956 by psychiatrist Jurgen Ruesch
and author Weldon Keeps in the book "Nonverbal Communication: Notes on the Visual
Perception of Human Relations."

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Nonverbal messages have been recognized for centuries as a critical aspect
of communication. For instance, in "The Advancement of Learning" (1605), Francis
Bacon observed that "the lineaments of the body do disclose the disposition and inclination of
the mind in general, but the motions of the countenance and parts do not only so, but do
further disclose the present humour and state of the mind and will."
Classification of Different Types of Non-Verbal Communication:
1. Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey
countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal
communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness,
sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
2. Body movement and posture. Consider how your perceptions of people are
affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head. The way you move and
carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of
nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and the subtle
movements you make.
3. Gestures. Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. You may wave,
point, beckon, or use your hands when arguing or speaking animatedly, often
expressing yourself with gestures without thinking. However, the meaning of some
gestures can be very different across cultures. While the “OK” sign made with the
hand, for example, usually conveys a positive message in English-speaking countries,

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it’s considered offensive in countries such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil. So, it’s
important to be careful of how you use gestures to avoid misinterpretation.
4. Eye contact. Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an
especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone
can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction.
Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging
the other person’s interest and response.
5. Touch. We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the very different
messages given by a weak handshake, a warm bear hug, a patronizing pat on the head,
or a controlling grip on the arm, for example.
6. Space. Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other
person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for
physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and
the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many
different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression
or dominance.
7. Voice. It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When you speak, other people
“read” your voice in addition to listening to your words. Things they pay attention to
include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and
sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about how
your tone of voice can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
3. Discuss the general principles of writing and methodology involved in it. Brevity
Answer: It is bad manners to waste [the reader’s] time. Therefore brevity first, then, clarity.
2. Clarity
It is bad manners to give [readers] needless trouble. Therefore clarity… . And how is clarity
to be achieved? Mainly by taking trouble and by writing to serve people rather than to
impress them.
3. Communication
The social purpose of language is communication—to inform, misinform, or otherwise
influence our fellows… . Communication [is] more difficult than we may think. We are all
serving life sentences of solitary confinement within our bodies; like prisoners, we have, as it
were, to tap in awkward code to our fellow men in their neighbouring cells… .
In some modern literature there has appeared a tendency to replace communication by a
private maundering to oneself which shall inspire one’s audience to maunder privately to
themselves—rather as if the author handed round a box of drugged cigarettes.
4. Emphasis
Just as the art of war largely consists of deploying the strongest forces at the most important
points, so the art of writing depends a good deal on putting the strongest words in the most
important places… .
One of the most important things, to my mind, in English style is word-order. For us, the
most emphatic place in a clause or sentence is the end. This is the climax; and, during the
momentary pause that follows, that last word continues, as it were, to reverberate in the
reader’s mind. It has, in fact, the last word.

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5. Honesty
As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you.
If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more. You cannot fool all your
judges all the time… .
Most style is not honest enough. Easy to say, but hard to practice. A writer may take to long
words, as young men to beards—to impress. But long words, like long beards, are often the
badge of charlatans. Or a writer may cultivate the obscure, to seem profound. But even
carefully muddied puddles are soon fathomed. Or he may cultivate eccentricity, to seem
original.
But really original people do not have to think about being original—they can no more help it
than they can help breathing. They do not need to dye their hair green.
6. Passion and Control
This, indeed, is one of the eternal paradoxes of both life and literature—that without passion
little gets done; yet, without control of that passion, its effects are largely ill or null.
7. Reading
One learns to write by reading good books, as one learns to talk by hearing good talkers.
8. Revision
Every author’s fairy godmother should provide him not only with a pen but also with a blue
pencil.
9. Sophistication and Simplicity
My point is merely that the sophisticated (ready though they may be to suppose so) do not
necessarily express themselves better than the simple—in fact, may often have much to learn
from them.
10. Sound and Rhythm
Apart from a few simple principles, the sound and rhythm of English prose seem to me
matters where both writers and readers should trust not so much to rules as to their ears.
Methodology Involved in Writing:
THE WRITING PROCESS
The writing process is something that no two people do the same way. There is no "right
way" or "wrong way" to write. It can be a very messy and fluid process, and the following is
only a representation of commonly used steps.
STEPS OF THE WRITING PROCESS
STEP 1: PREWRITING
THINK AND DECIDE
 Make sure you understand your assignment. See Research Papers or Essays
 Decide on a topic to write about. See Narrow your Topic

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 Consider who will read your work. See Audience and Voice
 Brainstorm ideas about the subject. See Prewriting Strategies
STEP 2: RESEARCH (IF NEEDED)
SEARCH
 List places where you can find information.
 Do your research. See Evaluating Sources and Primary vs. Secondary Sources
 Make an Outline to help organize your research. See Outlines
STEP 3: DRAFTING
WRITE
 Put the information you researched into your own words. See Paraphrase and
Summary
 Write sentences and paragraphs even if they are not perfect.
 Read what you have written and judge if it says what you mean. See Thesis
Statements
 Write some more. See Incorporating References
 Read it again.
 Write some more.
 Read it again.
 Write until you have said everything you want to say about the topic.
STEP 4: REVISING
MAKE IT BETTER
 Read what you have written again. See Revising Content and Revising
Organization
 Rearrange words, sentences or paragraphs.
 Take out or add parts.
 Do more research if you think you should.
 Replace overused or unclear words.
 Read your writing aloud to be sure it flows smoothly.
STEP 5: EDITING AND PROOFREADING
MAKE IT CORRECT
 Be sure all sentences are complete. See Editing and Proofreading
 Correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.
 Change words that are not used correctly or are unclear.
 Make sure you are using the appropriate Style formatting.