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Transfusion Reaction
This document discusses several common transfusion reactions including febrile nonhemolytic reactions, delayed hemolytic reactions, acute hemolytic reactions, transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and allergic reactions/anaphylaxis. It provides details on the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each reaction through several case examples of a patient named Mr. Red who experiences different reactions over the years as he requires multiple blood transfusions. The key message is that it is important for healthcare providers to recognize potential transfusion reactions so they can stop the transfusion if needed and assess the patient's condition, as some reactions may become life-threatening.
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Transfusion Reaction
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- 2. Objectives Be ableto recognize the more common transfusion reactions Learn about treatment and prevention of transfusion reactions
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- 4. Case 1 MrRed is a 17 year old male is brought to the ER after a motor vehicle accident. He is in pain, tachycardic to 100s, but normotensive. Given his acute blood loss, transfusion of 2u PRBC is initiated (after appropriate type and cross-matching revealing no antibodies, and compatibility with donor blood). During transfusion, he develops a fever but otherwise has no new signs or symptoms. What is the diagnosis?
- 5. Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reaction Fevers are common during transfusion Pathophysiology: likely involves recipient-derived leukoreactive antibodies + donor-derived cytokines Workup/Treatment: stop the transfusion! Must r/o acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR) Consider non-transfusion causes of fevers Once AHTR is ruled out, may continue transfusion with antipyretics Prevention: antipyretics or leukoreduction of blood products
- 6. Case 1 (continued) Mr Red does well following discharge. Fifteen years later (age 32), however, he is unfortunately in a second MVA. He is brought to the ER, again requiring blood products. He is type and cross-matched, found to have no antibodies. He is pre-treated with acetaminophen, and transfused 2 units PRBC without issue. The remainder of his hospital course is unremarkable and the pt is discharged home. Ten days after the accident he follows up at his PCP’s office with a complaint of fatigue, fevers, and yellowing of his skin. What is the diagnosis?
- 7. Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Onset of symptoms: 5-10 days after RBC transfusion S/S: hemolytic anemia, jaundice, fever (can also be asymptomatic) Life-threatening complications are rare Confirmation: repeat type and screen to detect alloantibody Treatment: supportive Abrupt onset of S/S S/S: intravascular hemolysis, hypotension, fevers, AKI, pain at the infusion site, DIC, pink plasma or urine Treatment: stop the transfusion! Send blood back to blood bank to check for incompatibility, hemolysis Supportive treatment with IVF, pressors, diuresis Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction http://arimmuneresponseassignment.weebly.com/report.html
- 8. Case 1 (continued) Mr Red is now 78 years old. Since we last saw him, he has been diagnosed with diabetes, complicated by ESRD 2/2 diabetic nephropathy for which he is dialyzed three times per week. He is admitted for a suspected GI bleed for which he is transfused 2 units PRBC. An hour after transfusion, he starts to complain of shortness of breath and chest tightness. HR 120s, BP 180/90, an S3 gallop is noted, and new bibasilar crackles are heard on pulmonary exam. Post-transfusion CXR is shown (was previously normal). What is the diagnosis? https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/ rad/cxr/pathology2chest.html
- 9. Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO) Risk factors Patients with limited cardiopulmonary reserve (very young and elderly) High volume transfusion History of cardiac or renal disease Onset: within 1-2 hours after transfusion S/S: shortness of breath, cough, tachycardia, cyanosis, chest tightness, volume overload (JVD, S3 gallop, peripheral edema) Tx: supplemental O2, diuretics or other means of removing volume Prevention: slow administration of blood, pretreatment with diuretics (or blood administration with dialysis) deltaco.com
- 10. Case 2 MrRed’s hospital roommate also happens to be a 78 year old male admitted for likely GI bleed. He also underwent transfusion with 2 units PRBC 1 hour ago and reports shortness of breath. He is febrile to 38.5C, HR 120s, BP 70/40, SpO2 is 85% on RA. New bibasilar crackles are heard on pulmonary exam. Post-transfusion CXR is shown (was normal previously). What is the diagnosis? https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/ rad/cxr/pathology2chest.html
- 11. Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury(TRALI) Onset: during or within 6 hours of transfusion S/S: hypoxia, dyspnea, fevers, hypotension, pulmonary edema Treatment: stop the transfusion! Supportive (may need intubation), O2 Prevention: notify blood bank of reaction thelancet.com
- 12. TRALI versus TACO Kimet al. 2015.
- 13. Back to MrRed… Mr Red is now 80 years old and is admitted after a fall during which he sustained a left hip fracture. Following surgery, he requires 1 unit PRBC. He is appropriately type and crossmatched, pretreated with acetaminophen, and a slow transfusion is initiated during dialysis. During the transfusion, he develops diffuse urticaria but is otherwise stable. What is the diagnosis? umm.edu
- 14. Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis Mild allergic reactions (urticaria) are common, especially in pts who have undergone multiple transfusions Prevention: pretreat with anti histamines, or wash blood products to remove plasma proteins Severe anaphylaxis is rare Mechanism: recipient who is IgA deficient and has anti- IgA antibodies reacts to IgA in donor blood Prevention: wash all subsequent blood products to remove plasma proteins If IgA deficient, then only give blood products from IgA deficient donors
- 15. Summary It isimportant to recognize the possible reactions that can be associated with blood transfusions If you suspect a reaction, stop the transfusion and assess the patient’s vital signs, signs and symptoms as some reactions may be life-threatening Notify the blood bank if serious reactions are suspected
- 17. References Kim J,Na S. Transfusion-related acute lung injury; clinical perspectives. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015 Apr;68(2):101-5. MKSAP 16 UpToDate
Editor's Notes
- #3 We will be going over the more common transfusion reactions by discussing patient cases. The following will be covered: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction Delayed (and acute) hemolytic transfusion reactions TACO TRALI Allergic and anaphylactic reactions Note that we will not cover transfusion-associated graft versus host disease but should be aware of it, and who is at risk. Just for reference, here’s some info on transfusion-associated GVHD Rare, but often fatal transfusion reaction Pathophysiology: donor lymphocytes recognize host HLA antigens as foreign, resulting in an immune response Risk factors: Hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Transfusion of blood products from first-degree relatives Immunosuppressed patient Onset: 8-10 days after transfusion S/S: severe pancytopenia, fever, diarrhea, rash, transaminitis Treatment: none are effective Prevention: for those at risk, pre-treat blood products with gamma-irradiation
- #4 Again, we’ll only cover the more common reactions. Note that a febrile nonhemolytic reaction is much more common than a hemolytic reaction. Also note that TACO is more common than TRALI.
- #5 A case to illustrate the first transfusion reaction This patient is tachycardic, probably related to pain and/or blood loss. The only symptom he develops during transfusion is fever. This is getting at a nonhemolytic febrile reaction.
- #6 This is a common reaction Likely related to antibodies, cytokines In these instances the first thing to do is stop the transfusion (basically in ALL cases when a pt develops S/S during a transfusion, you’ll want to stop the transfusion and investigate further) we’d need to rule out acute hemolytic transfusion reaction – check that the correct blood products were given to the right patient (we’ll discuss AHTR a little more later) Make sure that there’s no infection going on (or if there is concern for one, for example, from the case patient’s trauma, draw cultures and start empiric antibiotics). Otherwise, if it looks like a febrile nonhemolytic reaction, then we can continue the transfusion with close monitoring, give antipyretics.
- #7 We’ll continue looking at the same patient but fast-forward 15 years He got tylenol to prevent the febrile nonhemolytic reaction that he had in the past This time he develops symptoms days later
- #8 Last case: the patient’s history of prior transfusion, as well as timing of symptoms suggests delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. Pathophysiology: The patient likely developed alloantibodies (ie Kidd, duffy, kell etc) as a result of the initial transfusion (when he was 17 years old). Titers decrease over time with no transfusion so that pre-transfusion testing remains negative (as it did when the pt was cross-matched at 37 years old). When he is re-exposed to the same antigen during his second transfusion, the patient’s antibody levels skyrocket. This is known as an anamnestic response. Risk: there is a 1% risk of developing alloantibodies after transfusion For treatment/prevention: Also suggest minimizing transfusions however these should not be withheld if needed Just for contrast, we’ll briefly go over acute hemolytic transfusion reactions, which are now quite uncommon. Pathophys: due to ABO incompatibility (see figure) – ie giving type B blood to a type A recipient who has anti-B antibodies. This leads to hemolysis. If this reaction happens, it’s usually due to a clerical error, ie specimens are mislabeled or blood given to the wrong patient Go through S/S Treatment Blood bank should know about this and confirm that this is what happened Treatment is supportive. AKI can be a big deal so per UpToDate, if there’s any suspicion that this reaction happened, then start aggressive fluid replacement to support UOP > 100-200cc/hr immediately to prevent development of acute oliguric renal failure
- #9 Our patient has become a dialysis pt – someone sensitive to volume overload
- #10 Last case: timing of symptoms and S/S of volume overload are consistent with TACO. His kidney disease put him at risk for this.
- #11 Now we’ll look a a similar scenario but make this patient less sensitive to volume to demonstrate another transfusion reaction. CXR looks a lot like TACO… But presentation is slightly different – this patient has more systemic S/S – he is febrile, hypotensive, hypoxic. While he has pulmonary edema, he does not have any other signs of volume overload (no JVD, S3 gallop, LE edema, etc).
- #12 TRALI has an associated mortality of 5% and is the most common cause of transfusion-related death The figure demonstrates pathophysiology of TRALI, which is basically as follows: Recipient neutrophils are activated against an antigen in donor blood product PMNs become sequestered in lung capillaries Capillary leak Pulmonary edema Some info From UpToDate: TRALI presents as sudden onset of respiratory difficulties during or shortly after transfusion. Hypoxemia and lung infiltrates are detected on chest X-rays in almost all patients with TRALI, and half of patients show a pinkish, frothy sputum [25]. Tachypnea, tachycardia, and elevated airway pressure are frequently observed. Fever, hypotension, and cyanosis occur in less than one-third of patients with TRALI. Confirming hypoxemia, obtaining a chest X-ray, and evaluating vital signs are required to diagnose TRALI. No laboratory test is specific for diagnosing TRALI. Blood bank should investigate associated donors for presence of anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and possibly anti-hyman neutrophil antigen (HNA) antibodies. Goal is to find donors should should be deferred from future donations.
- #13 It may be difficult to differentiate between TRALI and TACO, so here are some things that point to one or the other. Impaired myocardial function and rapid and aggressive fluid therapy are suggested risk factors for TACO. TRALI is more likely to be associated with signs and symptoms of inflammation, including fever, hypotension, and an exudative pulmonary infiltrate. In contrast, TACO is more likely to be associated with findings suggestive of cardiac dysfunction and/or volume overload
- #17 This is from UpToDate, just for reference FNHTR = febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction