Cold War

1. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights- 1948
 Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and
of the equal and inalienable rights of all members
of the human family is the foundation of
freedom, justice and peace in the world,
 Whereas disregard and contempt for human
rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have
outraged the conscience of mankind, and the
advent of a world in which human beings shall
enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom
from fear and want has been proclaimed as the
highest aspiration of the common people,

2. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights- 1948
 All human beings are born free and equal
in dignity and rights. They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act
towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as
race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status

3. The United Nations

4. United Nations Created
 Peace keeping organization
 General Assembly
 Security Council- power to
investigate and settle disputes
• 5 permanent members (US, USSR,
China, France, GB)- each has the veto
power

5. Was the United Nations able
to keep the peace?

6. IDK…
There are lots of rivalries
today!

7. Kobe vs LeBron

8. Duke vs UNC

9. McDonald’s vs Burger King

13. Coke vs. Pepsi

14. Rangers vs Devils

15. LL Cool J vs Kool Moe Dee

16. But what was the
greatest rivalry ever?

17. The Cold War Begins
1945-1991

18. Cold War Characterisitcs
 A political, strategic and ideological
struggle between the US and the
USSR that spread throughout the
world-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin
America.
 Each side denied the others right to
exist.
 Each side used propaganda against
the other.

19. Why did allies become enemies?
 Allied powers: US, USSR, GB, F
 But… U.S. and USSR not happy with
one another…
• U.S. mad at USSR Non-aggression pact
with Hitler
• Stalin was mad that the US hadn’t
invaded Europe before 1944
• failure of the Soviet Union to withdraw
from Eastern Europe
Soviet dominance over Eastern

20. Capitalism VS Communism
(free market vs command)
 All property, including the
means of production are
privately owned
 Private businesses and
individuals are free from
public control- make own
econ. Decisions
 Prices are determined by
supply and demand
 Competition
 Socio-economic classes
 Gov’t owns means of
production, distribution
and exchange
 Gov’t officials make all
basic econ decisions
 Gov’t plans the economy
 Limited production of
consumer goods- industrial
growth is the target
 Gov’t determines prices
and wages
 No Social Classes
(supposedly)

21. US & USSR have different goals
 United States
 Encourage democracy
 Prevent rise of
communism
 Gain access to raw
materials & markets
 Reunite Germany to
stabilize Europe
 USSR
 Encourage
communism
 Rebuild war damaged
cities & industry
 Control Eastern
Europe to secure
borders
 Balance the US
influence in Western
Europe
 Keep Germany divided

22. Now back to Germany?
What should we do
with this loser?

23. “YOU CAN’T HAVE ALL OF
GERMANY! I WANT IT!”- Stalin

24. “YOU CAN’T HAVE ALL OF
GERMANY! I WANT IT!”-
Roosevelt/Truman

25. Yalta Conference

26. Yalta Conference
 February 1945
(Roosevelt,
Churchill, Stalin)
 Decision to divide
Germany
 Stalin promised to
allow Eastern
Europe to hold free
elections
 BUT DOES HE?

27. The Iron Curtain
 “From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic an iron
curtain has
descended across
the Continent.
Behind that line lie
all the capitals of
the ancient states
of Central and
Eastern Europe “
Churchill

28. NATO vs Warsaw Pact
 What are Truman and Stalin up to?

29. West vs East
USA vs USSR
America vs Soviet Union

30. NATO
 Set up in 1949 by western nations
to co-ordinate their defense against
Russia.
 It consisted of:
-America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland,
Belgium,Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark,
Norway and Italy
 committed the United States to a
peacetime military alliance
 Based on principle of COLLECTIVE
SECURITY
 Still around today

31. Warsaw pact
 Response to NATO (1949) and the re-
militarization of West Germany in 1954
[both were viewed as a threat to the
Eastern countries]
 Supposedly the pact was based on total
equality of member nations & mutual non-
interference in one another’s internal
affairs
 In reality—the Pact quickly became a
powerful political tool for the Soviet Union
to hold sway over its allies and harness
the powers of their combined military.

32. North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
 United States
 Belgium
 Britain
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 Luxemburg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain

33. Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.
} Albania
} Bulgaria
} Czechoslovakia
} East Germany
} Hungary
} Poland
} Rumania

34. Truman Doctrine (1947)
 America promised it
would support free
countries to help
fight communism.
 Greece received
large amounts of
arms and supplies,
and by 1949 had
defeated the
communists.

35. Marshall Plan
1948
 GOAL: Help Europe
recover from the damage
caused by the war.
 There were two motives
for this:
• Quick economic
recovery would
provide markets for
American goods, so
benefiting American
industry.
• Healthy economy is
more likely to:
RESIST COMMUNISM

36. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-
49)

37. USSR’s First Atomic Test 1949

39. Map 28.1: The New European Alliance
Systems in the 1950s and 1960s

40. Senator Joe McCarthy—Red Scare

1950s Red Scare: fears of
subversion can lead to the
erosion of constitutional
liberties

41.  During this time one state required
pro wrestlers to take a loyalty oath
before stepping into the ring.
 In Indiana, a group of anti-
communists indicted Robin Hood
as communist literature and forced
librarians to pull the book from the
shelves.
 Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed
themselves the "Redlegs.“
 Participation, or even past
participation, in extremist movements
was viewed as un-American

42. US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952
 1000 times more
powerful than the
Hiroshima atomic
bomb
 Set off on Bikini
Island in the
Marshall Islands

43. United States Government supported
dictatorships in economically less developed
nations since World War II because they
were ANTI-COMMUNISTS!

44. Korean War (1950-1953 Cease Fire)
 Korea: divided at the 38th Parallel
between U.S. (south of line) and
U.S.S.R (north of line)
 Absence of free elections throughout
peninsula=increased tension
 Cross-border raids and fighting
escalated to full scale war on June 25
1950
 1st significant armed conflict of Cold
War—the United Nations used
military force to oppose aggression
 28,000 U.S. Troops remain in S.
Korea
 General MacArthur challenged the
concept of civilian control over the
military and was relieved of command

45. Korea 2010
 S. Korea blames N.
Korea—Kim Jong IL for
March 26th sinking of
warship, Cheonan.
 46 killed (violation of
1953 cease fire)
 Kim ordered 1.2 million
troops ready for
combat
Pyongyang—Capital of N.
Korea
Seoul—Capital of Republic
of Korea (South)

46. South Korean soldiers
check fences set up
along the demilitarized
zone between South
and North Korea, in
Yanggu, South Korea,
on Monday.
N. Korean military exercise—
Tuesday—May, 25th 2010!!

47. Vietnam War
 Communist North vs.
Anti-Communist South
 War fought to prevent
a communist take over
of South Vietnam

48. Hungarian Revolt 1956
 Imre Nagy—Nationalist & communist
• Ended 1 party rule
• Got rid of Soviet troops
• Withdrew Hungary from Warsaw Pact
• Soviet union sends troops & Tanks
• 1,000’s died
• Revolt suppressed

49. Czechoslovakia 1968
 Alexander Dubcek
• Calls for liberal reforms
• Eased censorship
• Plan for new constitution
• Troops sent in
• Gov’t overturned & communist
dictatorship set up

50. The Vietnam War
 President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of
troops to Vietnam, 1965
 Domino Theory
• If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations
in Asia would fall to communism
 President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an
honorable end
 Begins withdrawing troops
 Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of
all US troops

51. Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!

52. U.S. responds with
Explorer I in 2/1/58

53. Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista
1/1/59

54. U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was
shot down over Soviet
airspace.

55. USSR: Yuri Gagarin 1st human in
space
4/12/61

56. Construction of Berlin Wall 1961
•In 1960 more than 360,000 people left East Berlin and made
permanent homes in the West
•The Wall was built to keep people in!
http://www.berlin.de/mauer/geschichte/index.en.html

57. Brandenberg Gate and
Checkpoint Charlie

58. USA: John Glenn—orbits the earth
1962

59. The Cuban Missile Crisis
 Fidel Castro (b. 1927)
• Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959
• Established a communist regime
 Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961
 Discovery by US of missile bases being built
 President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba
 Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles
in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba

60. Bay of Pigs

61. Cuban Missile Crisis

62. Range of Soviet Missiles Launched
From Cuba

63. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!

64. Neil Armstrong
“That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for
mankind”
July 21, 1969

65. Nixon Visits Moscow
Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev toasted United States President Richard Nixon in Moscow,
marking the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty on May 26, 1972.

66. SALT I TREATY
SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Agreement, also known as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I
froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels,
and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic
missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been
dismantled.

67. 1980 Election Jimmy Carter vs.
Ronald Reagan

68. SDI- “Star Wars”
1984—Policy of exploring technology space based lasers set up for the
purpose of shooting down oncoming missiles and warheads.

69. Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to
Power in USSR

70. INF Treaty
1987—Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty—the first
nuclear arms agreement to reduce arms instead of
establishing ceilings that could not be exceeded.

71. Berlin Wall Comes Down
Nov. 9, 1989

73. Discussion
 Why did the US win the Cold War?
 Why did the USSR lose the Cold
War?

74. 1. We had close ties with our
Allies and the USSR didn’t.
2. China started siding with us
after 1972.
3. The Soviet economy was in
shambles whereas the US’s
was flourishing.
a. Huge deficit
b. High inflation
c. Corruption
d. Social problems
e. Shortage of basic needs (food,
housing)

75. Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to
Power in USSR

76. 4. The strong anti-communist presidency of
Reagan.
5. Gorbachev’s willingness for change and
reform.
a. GLASNOST & PERESTROIKA
Glasnost-Soviet policy of openly and frankly
discussing economic and political realities:
initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985.
Perestroika-encouragement of limited
private ownership

77. b. admitted Soviet mistakes
c. communist system had
failed
6. Arms Reduction Talks
 SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev
meetings

78. 7. Soviet Mistakes
a. invasion of Afghanistan
b. ignoring social concerns
c. spent everything on military

79. Cold War Pop Culture in the 80’s
 Star Wars
 Rocky IV
 War Games
 Red Dawn
 Miracle
 Spies Like Us
 James Bond
 99 Red Baloons

80. Rocky IV…

81. War Games

82. American Politics and Society in the
1950s
 Influence of the New Deal
• New Deal influence continued by
Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson
 Prosperity of the 1950’s
 McCarthyism and the “Red Scare”
From left: Truman, JFK, LBJ

83. Decade of Upheaval: America in the
1960’s
 Johnson and the Great Society
• War on Poverty
• Job Corps
• Department of Housing and
Urban Development
 Civil Rights Movement
• Civil Rights Act, 1964
• Voting Rights Act, 1965
• Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)
 Southern Christian Leadership Conference
 Assassinated, 1968
• Malcolm X
• Summer of 1965
 Antiwar Protests
• Kent State University, 1970

84. The Development of Canada
 Economic Development
 Military Concerns
• Supports the United Nations
• NORAD

85. The Emergence of a New Society
 The Structure of European Society
• Middle class joined by new group of
white collar workers
• Further urbanization
• Rising income
• Mass tourism

86. Creation of the Welfare State
 History of Social Welfare Policies
 Extension of old benefits and creation of
new ones
 Removal of class barriers
 Increase in state spending on social
services
 Gender Issues
• Work, motherhood, and individual
rights

87. Women in the Postwar Western World
 Participation in the workforce declines until
end of 1950s
 “Baby Boom”
• Birth control
 Increased employment in the 1960s
 Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation
• Right to vote
• Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)
 The Second Sex, 1949
• Betty Friedan (b. 1921)
 The Feminine Mystique
 National Organization for Women (NOW)

88. Social Revolutions
 The Permissive Society
• Sexual revolution
• Breakdown of the traditional family
• Drug culture
 Education and Student Revolt
• Higher education becoming more widespread
• Problems
 Overcrowding
 Professors who paid too little attention to
students
 Authoritative administrators
 Seemingly irrelevant education
• Student strikes in France, 1968
• Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

89. Postwar Art and Literature
 Art
• Jean Dubuffet
• Abstract Impressionism
 Jackson Pollock (1912 – 1956)
• Pop Art
 Andy Warhol (1930 – 1987)
 Literature
• Theater of the Absurd
 Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot
 Günter Grass, The Tin Drum
Andy Warhol
Jackson Pollock

90. The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism
 Existentialism
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980)
• Albert Camus (1913 – 1960)
 The Revival of Religion
• Karl Barth (1886 – 1968)
• Karl Rahner (1904 – 1984)
• Vatican II
Camus
Sartre

91. The Explosion of Popular Culture
 Culture as a Consumer Commodity
• Link between mass culture and mass
consumer society
 The Americanization of the World
• US influence on world culture
• Movies
• Television
• Popular music