First part of Cold War History

1. LET’S REVIEW THE
FOLLOWING

5. Short Background of USSR
It was established in 1922 and dissolved in 1991. The Soviet
Union was the first state to be based on Marxist socialism.
Politically the USSR was divided (from 1940 to 1991) into 15
constituent or union republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia
(Kyrgyzstan), Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia (Moldova), Russia,
Tadzhikistan (see Tajikistan), Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
and Uzbekistan—ostensibly joined in a federal union, but until
the final year or so of the USSR's existence the republics had
little real power. Russia, officially the Russian Soviet Federal
Socialist Republic (RSFSR), was only one of the constituent
republics, but the terms "Russia," the "USSR," and the "Soviet
Union" were often used interchangeably.

6. Russian in full Iosif
Vissarionovich Stalin, original
name (Georgian) Ioseb
Dzhugashvili born December,
1879 at Gori, Georgia,
Russian Empire—died March
5, 1953, Moscow, Russia,
U.S.S.R.
Secretary-general of the
Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (1922–53) and
premier of the Soviet state
(1941–53), who for a quarter
of a century dictatorially ruled
the Soviet Union and
transformed it into a major
world power.

7. Served as the Prime Minister of
Great Britain from 1940 to 1945
and again from 1951 to 1955.
He led Britain's fight against
Nazi Germany in World War II.
Churchill was a talented orator,
giving many stirring speeches
to boost national morale during
the war. A close friend of
American presidents Franklin
D. Roosevelt and Harry S.
Truman, Churchill hoped to join
the Americans in building a
postwar order that limited
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's
ability to dominate European
affairs.

8. Born January 30, 1882, Hyde Park,
New York, U.S.—died April 12, 1945,
Warm Springs, Georgia), 32nd
president of the United States (1933–
45). The only president elected to the
office four times, Roosevelt led the
United States through two of the
greatest crises of the 20th century: the
Great Depression and World War II. In
so doing, he greatly expanded the
powers of the federal government
through a series of programs and
reforms known as the New Deal, and
he served as the principal architect of
the successful effort to rid the world of
German National Socialism and
Japanese militarism.

9. THE COLD WAR
1945-1990
UNITED STATES VS. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
DEMOCRACY VS. COMMUNISM

10. Trace the causes and ideologies of
Cold War and the impact of the
conflict in the Philippines and other
SEA nations.
6.
OBJECTIVE

11. CONTENTS
A.A Missed Opportunity for Peace
B.The United States and the Western Bloc
C.The USSR and the Eastern Bloc
D.The Division of Germany
E. The Strengthening of Alliances
F. The First Confrontations

12. WHAT IS
COLD WAR?

13. WHAT IS COLD WAR?
 Lengthy struggle between the United States and the Soviet
Union.
 Began in the aftermath of the surrender of Hitler’s Germany.
 1941 – Nazi aggression against the USSR turned the Soviet
regime into an ally of the Western Democracies.
 Post-War – DIVERGENT VIEWPOINTS created rifts between
those who had once allies.
 Europe was divided into two blocs – main theatres of the war
 Western Europe – Supported by the United States
 Eastern Europe – satellites of the USSR
 Two Great Powers never fought directly, Nuclear deterrence
was the only effective means of preventing a military
confrontation.
 Balance of Terror served as stimulus for arms race.

14. 1.
TOWARDS A BIPOLAR WORLD

15. TOWARDS A BIPOLAR WORLD
 UNITED STATES – great victor of the second world
war.
 Remained the world’s leading military power.
 Navy and Air Force were unrivalled.
 Until 1949, only country with the capacity to
produce nuclear weapons.
 Also confirmed its status as the World’s leading
economic power (Trade, Industrial and
Agricultural Production)
 Now, owned two thirds of the world’s gold
reserves and the DOLLAR – primary
international currency.

16. TOWARDS A BIPOLAR WORLD
 UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
(USSR)
 Territorially enlarged and with an aura of prestige
from having fought Hitler’s Germany.
 Had a real numerical superiority in terms of men
and heavy weapons.
 Red Army was not demobilized at the end of the war.
 For USSR
 US was spearheading “Imperial Expansion”
 Americans were concerned at Communist Expansion,
accusing Stalin of breaching the Yalta Agreement on
the right of free peoples to self determination.

17. A. A MISSED OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE
1. TEHERAN CONFERENCE (from Nov. 28 to Dec. 2 1943)
 US, British and Russians got together to address the question
of how to organize the world after the war.
 First Summit meeting between WINSTON CHURCHILL,
JOSEPH STALIN and FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT.
 Leaders discussed Normandy invasion
 They decided to entrust the study of the German question to a
European Consultative Commission.
 RESULT: Close wartime alliance soon gave way to a climate
of mistrust.
 Realized that countries were divided by increasingly
DIVERGENT VIEWS.
 Allied Powers, unable to reach agreement on a peace treaty.
 Two other Allied Conferences were subsequently held.

18. A. A MISSED OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE
1. YALTA CONFERENCE (February 4 to 11, 1945)
 Yalta, Crimea in the Black Sea.
 Purpose: settle the questions raised by the inevitable German
defeat.
 Agreed on the arrangement for the occupation of Germany
 Division of Germany into four zones
 They agreed on many points:
 The establishment of the United Nations
 Free elections allowed in the states of Eastern Europe
 Russia’s promise to join the war against Japan
 Yalta seemed to be the final attempt to reorganize the world.
 The world was no yet divided (two hemispheres of influence)
but the Western were obliged to accept Stalin’s roles in the
territories liberated by Soviet Tanks.
 Eastern and Eastern Europe – under Red Army (USSR)

19. Joseph Stalin (USSR), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and
Winston Churchill (England) and in Yalta in 1945.
YALTA CONFERENCE

20. A. A MISSED OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE
1. THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE (July 17 to Aug 2, 1945)
 Near Berlin
 May 8, 1945 – Germany surrendered, war Europe had come
to an end.
 HARRY TRUMAN replaced Franklin D. Roosevelt
 CLEMENT ATTLEE took over as head of the British
delegation.
 Much more intense than at YALTA CONFERENCE
 Situations
 USSR occupied the eastern part of Germany, part of Austria
and all of Central Europe.
 Stalin redrew the MAP of eastern Europe
 British and Americans – provisionally accepted Soviet
annexation

21. A. A MISSED OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE
1. THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE (July 17 to Aug 2, 1945)
 Potsdom Agreement
 Endorsed vast movements of population
 Agree on the practical arrangements for Germany’s
complete disarmament
 Abolition of the National Socialist Party
 Trial of War criminals
 Amount that should be paid in reparations.
 Great Powers were divided by their increasingly
contradictory viewpoints.
 AIM – prepare for the post-war era to divide up the
“spoils”.

22. Clement Attlee (England), Harry Truman(US) and Joseph
Stalin (USSR) in BERLIN in 1945.

26. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended
across the Continent. Behind that line lie
all the capitals of the ancient states of
Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw,
Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest,
Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the populations around
them lie in what I must call the Soviet
sphere, and all are subject in one form or
another, not only to Soviet influence but
to a very high and, in some cases,
increasing measure of control from
Moscow.”
(Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s “Iron
Curtain Speech.”)

28. B. THE UNITED STATES AND THE
WESTERN BLOC
 For US, Isolationism is no longer an option.
 British help Greek government fight communist guerrillas.
 They appealed to America for aid and the response was the
TRUMAN DOCTRINE.
 This positioned the US as the defender of a free world in the
face of Soviet Aggression.
 Truman redefined the country’s policy guidelines and
promised it would support free countries to help fight
communism.
 400 million dollars – granted to Greece and Turkey.
 Greece was able to defeat communism in 1949.
 Secured withdrawal of Russian Troops from Iran.
 The Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that
America, the most powerful democratic country, was prepared
to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.

32. MARSHALL PLAN
Economic Cooperation Administration
 Managed MARSHALL PLAN
In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall
announced the Marshall Plan (European
Recovery Program)
 This was a massive economic aid plan
for Europe to help it recover from the
damage caused by the war.
 There were two motives for this:
 Helping Europe to recover
economically would provide
markets for American goods, so
benefiting American industry.
 A prosperous Europe would be
better able to resist the spread of
communism. This was probably the
main motive.
Secretary of State
George Marshall.

33. MARSHALL PLAN
VYACHESLAV MOLOTOV (USSR Foreign Minister)
 Refused to countenance any international control and
opposed economic aid for Germany.
 Rejected Marshall Plan, persuaded satellite countries
(Finland) to refuse US Aid.
 16 Countries signed up: Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and UK.
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
(1948) – De Facto
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (1960) – when US and Canada joined.
 Permanent agency set up by the American, for the
management and distribution of the funds themselves.

34. OEEC’S OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS
 OCTOBER 1946 – Committee for Overseas Territories
 Through special fund, encouraged European countries to
cooperate with the US in the development of AFRICA.
 1948 – ELECTIONS
 Christian Democrat Party defeated Italian Communist Party
(Italy)
 INTENSE PROPAGANDA
 Marked the entry of Consumer Age (Coca-Cola and
Hollywood films)
 1949 – Trade Liberalisation Scheme
 European Payments Union – removed the convertibility of
European currencies and removed quantitative trade
restrictions.
 1953 – European Agency Productivity promoted economic
productivity

37. OEEC OR OECD
INITIAL UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION FOR
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COUNTRIES
WITH A FREE-MARKET ECONOMY, YET
IT REMAINED AN ORGANIZATION FOR
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION
THAT WAS UNABLE TO CREATE A
CUSTOMS UNION.

39. The USSR and the EASTERN Bloc
Its claim to be a world power could no longer
be disputed.
 August 1949 – exploded its first atomic
bomb.
 1953 – its first hydrogen bomb.
 1953 – further wave of repression was
interrupted.
 Death of Stalin – March 5, 1953

40. The Creation of Buffer State
 1945 – Communist world rapidly spread to Central
and Eastern Europe.
Soviet Army helped Communist Propaganda in the
countries that it had liberated in Central and Eastern
Europe.
Three years was enough to establish people’s
democracy ruled by Communist Parties.
 Poland, Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia were
brutally forced into the soviet embrace.
 USSR had some difficulty keeping control of all its
satellite countries
 1948 – Yugoslav Communists refused to follow the line
decreed by the Cominform.

41. The Zhdanov Doctrine and the Cominform
 September 22, 1947 – Creation of the COMINFORM.
 an information bureau located in Belgrade.
 Became communist movement’s agent for spreading its
ideology
 Served as instrument to keep close control Western
Communist Parties.
 AIM - to close ranks Moscow and to ensure that European
Communists were in line with Soviet Policies.
 Andrie Zhdanov (Stalin’s right-hand man)
 Persuaded participants to approve the doctrine “Anti-
Imperialist and Democratic” as response to the TRUMAN
DOCTRINE (Imperialist and Anti-Democratic Camp).
 1949 – creation of Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (response to the Marshall Plan)

44.  August 30, 1945 – Inter-Allied Control
council was founded, divided Berlin
into four sectors.
 July 28, 1946 – US proposed plan for
economic unification, France and
USSR refused, so American and
British decided to unite their zones
(Bizone)
 August 1, 1948 – French joined
Bizone (Trizone)
 June 20, 1948 – Deutsche Mark (DM), german
mark was introduced replacing the Reichmark,
enabled the shops be filled with goods.
 June 24, 1948 – USSR imposed a total
blockage of the western.
 Allied Airlift – appropriate American counter-
measure introduced by General Lucius D. Clay
 Thousands of aircraft brought food, fuels
and essential goods in W. Berlin
 Berlin (Germany) – thought as victim of the
Soviet threat.

48. Federal Republic of Germany VS. German Democratic Republic
 1948 – Trizone met in London,
called a constituent assembly,
“German Parliamentary Council”
 Konrad Adenauer
 (Christian Democrat)
 Formulated Basic Law (Sept.
1, 1948)
 Became the provisional
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Germany (Bonn).
 Became First Chancellor, over
Socialist led by Kurt
Schumacher (August 1949).
 Champion of a return to a
Free-Market Economy.
 1949 – USSR proclaimed of the
German Democratic Republic
(East BERLIN)
 Wilhelm Pieck - President
 Otto Grotwohl (Former social
democrat) – head of the
Government
 Social Democratic Party and
Communist Party formed the
SOCIALIST UNITY PARTY
 Dominated the Political scene in
GDR until the end of the
Communist era in 1989.

49. The Stregthening of Alliances
WESTERN VS. EASTERN
 March ,1948 - BRUSSELS
PACT
 Aim to establish Western
Union and to prevent armed
aggression in Europe
 Signed by five countries in
Europe (Denmark, Iceland,
Italy, Norway and Portugal)
 June, 1948 – US congress
passed the Vandenberg Res to
end American isolationism.
 April, 1941 – foreign ministers
signed a treaty establishing
NATO.
 U.S and Canada joined the
Union
 1955 – creation of the
WARSAW PACT.
 Mutual Defense Pact
 Created a Military
Alliance
 Members: USSR,
Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, the
GDR, Hungary, Poland
and Romania

51. THE FIRST CONFRONTATIONS
 1946 - Greece was in the Midst of a Civil War
 In CHINA, American Aid was given to the
Nationalist Chang Kai-Shek, failed to halt the
communists.
 June, 1950, The stage moved from Europe to
Southeast Asia as Communist North Korean
troops invaded South Korea.

52. THE CIVIL WAR IN GREECE
 Last of the Balkan States to resist Soviet domination.
 Area of Prime importance from an economic and
strategic viewpoint for preventing Soviet Domination
of the Eastern Mediterranean and protecting Middle
East Oil Supplies.
 America – committed to preserving
independence.
 Enjoyed the benefits of the Marshall Plan
 Joined Western System, Joined the Council of
Europe, Joined NATO in 1951.
 50, 000 people died in Communist revolt in Greece –
marked the end of the Soviet influence in Europe.

53. REVOLUTION IN CHINA
 Mao Zedong – lead communism in China, hardened
by the resistance to the Japanese.
 Chiang Kai Shek – left mainland China, take refuse
in Formosa.
 1949 – People’s Republic of China was proclaimed.
 Communists held all the key jobs in the Government.
 Victory greatly strengthened Communism, spread
from China Sea to the Elbe.
 Not satellite of the USSR, only joined forces but did
not become part of the Soviet Bloc.

54. THE KOREAN WAR