Spectrum management in Cognitive Radio technology. This PPT is useful for all students and teachers who want to know about Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio. content spectrum hole and dynamic spectrum access Cognitive radio network architecture • Spectrum Management Approaches • Cognitive cycle • Challenges • National goals for spectrum management CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE RADIO, Cognitive radio transceiver, ARCHITECTURE OF COGNITIVE RADIO, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations This content for M.tech(Electronics and Communication Engineering )

1. PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT IN COGNITIVE RADIO
SUBMITTED BY :
AWANISH KUMAR
21304006
SUBMITTED TO :
PROF. Dr. R. NAKKERAN
Dept. of Electronics Engineering.
PRESENTATION ON
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2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Cognitive radio concept
• Spectrum hole and dynamic spectrum access
• Cognitive radio network architecture
• Spectrum Management Approaches
• Cognitive cycle
• Challenges
• National goals for spectrum management
• Reference
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3. INTRODUCTION
➢1998, Joseph Mitola
➢Cognitive radio:
➢ A radio or system that senses its operational electromagnetic environment and
can dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters to
modify system operation, such as maximize throughput, mitigate interference,
facilitate interoperability, access secondary markets.
➢A cognitive radio is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on
interaction with the environment in which it operates.
➢Cognitive radio will lead to a revolution in wireless communication with
significant impacts on technology as well as regulation of spectrum usage to
overcome existing barriers.
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4. • Radio frequency - 3 KHZ to 300 GHZ.
• It is used for wireless communication.
• For this spectrum management, we used cognitive radio. Cognitive
radio is a smart radio technology which has the capability to take
smart decisions itself. It is used to detect the unused part of
bandwidth of the primary user’s spectrum.
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5. CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE RADIO
➢Cognitive Capability:
• Cognitive capability refers to the ability of
the radio technology to capture or sense
the information from its radio
environment.
➢Reconfiguration ability-
• The cognitive radio can be programmed
to transmit and receive on a variety of
frequencies and to use different
transmission access technologies
supported by its hardware design.
• Parameter adjustment
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6. SPECTRUM HOLE AND DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS
• Through cognitive capability and
reconfigurability, the cognitive radio
enables the usage of temporally
unused spectrum, which is referred to
as spectrum hole or white space.
• If this band is further used by a
licensed user, the cognitive radio
moves to another spectrum hole to
avoid interference to the licensed
uses.
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7. Cognitive radio transceiver
• The basic cognitive radio uses trans-receiver
which consists of various functions such as
• RF filter
• Low noise amplifier (LNA)
• Mixer
• Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
• Phase locked loop (PLL)
• Channel selection filter
• Automatic gain control(AGC)
• A/D converter(ADC)
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8. ARCHITECTURE OF COGNITIVE RADIO
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9. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations
• Globally, the use of radio spectrum is
regulated by the ITU.
• For the purpose of frequency allocation,
the world has been divided into three
Regions.
• for the purposes of managing the global
radio spectrum. Each region has its own
set of frequency allocations.
• frequency range from 8.3 kHz to 3,000
GHz.
• Effective management of the spectrum is
closely associated with national law,
policy statements, radio regulations and
having a long-term spectrum plan.
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10. The Need for Spectrum Management
➢ Spectrum management is an extremely important part of telecommunications policy and regulation.
The spectrum is allocated for particular uses, and specific technical and service rules, developed
by spectrum managers, govern those allocations.
➢ to ensuring public safety, security and national defense.
➢ There are four main areas of work in spectrum management:
• Spectrum planning
• engineering
• Spectrum authorization
• Spectrum monitoring
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11. Spectrum management
• Spectrum management is the system level management of co-channel
interference, radio resources, and other radio transmission characteristics in
wireless communication systems.
• In cellular networks, wireless local area networks, wireless sensor systems, and
radio broadcasting networks spectrum management involves strategies and
algorithms for controlling parameters such as transmit power, user allocation,
beamforming, data rates, handover criteria, modulation scheme, error coding
scheme, etc.
• The objective is to utilize the limited radio-frequency spectrum resources and
radio network infrastructure as efficiently as possible.
• Spectrum-management functions are classified as:
• Spectrum analysis
• Spectrum decision
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12. Modern spectrum management
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13. 1. Static spectrum management
• Static spectrum management involves manual as well as computer-
aided fixed cell planning or radio network planning.
• This schemes are used in many traditional wireless systems, for
example 1G and 2G cellular systems, in today's wireless local area
networks and in non-cellular systems, for example broadcasting
systems.
• Frequency allocation band plans decided by standardization bodies,
by national frequency authorities and in frequency resource auctions.
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14. 2. Dynamic Spectrum management
• Dynamic schemes adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to the
traffic load, user positions, user mobility, quality of service requirements,
base station density, etc.
• Dynamic schemes are considered in the design of wireless systems, in view
to minimize expensive manual cell planning and achieve frequency reuse
patterns, to the improve system spectral efficiency.
• Models-
• exclusive spectrum management(ESM)
• spectrum commons (SC) sharing model
• hierarchical spectrum management (HSM)
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15. 1. Exclusive spectrum management (ESM)
• channels are allocated dynamically among possible licensees.
• governed by radio regulation bodies.
• varies from country to country.
2. Spectrum commons (SC) sharing model
• assigned frequencies on equal terms.
3. Hierarchical spectrum management (HSM)
• primary (licensed) users (PUs) more rights to use the spectrum
than other secondary (unlicensed) users (SUs).
• two HSM approaches
• overlay HSM
• underlay HSM
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16. Spectrum management process
The spectrum management process consists of four major steps:
1. Spectrum sensing: A CR user has sensed the available spectrum by monitoring, gathering data and
by identifying holes.
2. Spectrum decision: Once the band is sensed then CR user selects the best band according to their
Quality of service.
3. Spectrum sharing: As there are many CR users, the spectrum band should be shared equally to
prevent colliding.
4. Spectrum mobility: If any portion of the spectrum is required by the primary user which in use by
the CR user, then the communication has been persist in other vacant portion.
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17. Spectrum Management Approaches
➢Centralized control model -
• single entity or node
• spectrum broker
• real-time spectrum markets
➢ Distributed control model -
• opportunistic spectrum access or flexible spectrum
• peer-to-peer
• cognitive radio or policy based adaptive radio nodes
• responsible for identifying and negotiating use of underutilized
spectrum
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18. SPECTRUM ALLOCATION AND ASSIGNMENT
The entire radio spectrum is divided into blocks or bands of frequencies that are
used for specific types of services. The spectrum management process is broken up
into two general areas:
• spectrum allocation
• spectrum assignment
➢Spectrum allocation determines what blocks of frequencies are used for what
specific purpose under a set of technical and operational rules.
➢Spectrum assignment determines who gets to access blocks of the spectrum over
a specific geographic region in support of a specific service. This comes in the
form of a license or an assignment.
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19. Spectrum assignment methods
1. The administrative approach -
• regulator has total control
• socio-economic benefits
2. Market-based approach -
• to determine the distribution of spectrum
• spectrum like a private asset
• spectrum is not wasted
3. Commons spectrum approach -
• unlicensed spectrum
• this model allows anybody to use a certain band without prior
permission
• Examples - Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
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20. COGNITIVE CYCLE
➢the cognitive cycle consist of four
spectrum management functions:
• Spectrum sensing
• Spectrum decision
• Spectrum sharing
• Spectrum mobility
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21. Challenges
Spectrum management functions are used for Cognitive Radio networks for following
challenges:
• Interference avoidance: CR network should avoid interference or and disturbance
between primary user and the CR user.
• QoS awareness: to decide the spectrum, the CR user supports the Quality of service
awareness.
• Seamless communication: CR network should provide smooth communication for
the appearance of primary users.
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22. SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT INDEX PILLARS
• The SMI measures the ability of a country to create opportunities for more
efficient usage of its electromagnetic spectrum. The index raises awareness of the
importance of policies and regulations to promote broadband access through a
well-managed electromagnetic spectrum and create a more competitive market.
The four categories of the index are:
• Governmental institutions
• Policy and regulation
• Infrastructure
• Competitiveness and Innovation
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23. • The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has identified the following
features that cognitive radios can incorporate to enable a more efficient and
flexible usage of spectrum:
➢ Frequency Agility
➢ Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
➢ Adaptive Modulation
➢ Transmit Power Control (TPC)
➢ Location Awareness
➢ Negotiated Use
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24. National goals for spectrum management
➢Efficient use of spectrum
➢ Rapid introduction of new technologies
➢Protection of public service and social welfare
➢Minimization of interference and the solution for coexistence issues
➢Generation of revenue
➢Promotion of universal access
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25. REFERENCE
• Cognitive Radio Technology by Bruce A. Fette
• Cognitive Radio Communication and Networks by alexander M. Wyglinski, Maziar Nekovee, Y.Thomas Hou
• Spectrum Access and Management for cognitive radio networks by Mohammad A. Matin, Springer
• Akyildiz, I. F., Lee, W.-Y., and Chowdhury, K., Spectrum management in cognitive radio ad hoc networks,"
IEEE Network, vol. 23, pp. 6{12, July 2009.
• Akyildiz, I. F., Lee, W.-Y., Vuran, M. C., and Mohanty, S., Next gen-eration / dynamic spectrum access
/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey,"Computer Networks Journal (Elsevier),
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26. THANK YOU
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