Genetically Modified Organisms

1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
5/6/20201
ASHOK KUMAR
Roll No:19MBT005
M.Sc Biotechnology
2nd Semester
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What are Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs)
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According to World Health Organisation
“Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are
organisms derived from organisms whose genetic
material (DNA) has been modified in a way that
does not occur naturally, i.e. through the
introduction of a gene from a different organism.”

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• In 1974, the first transgenic animal was created, a mouse.
(Gachet et al., 1998)
• 1980s, transgenic plants like virus resistant tobacco was
started to be created in china.
• 1988, first transgenic plants producing a pharmaceutical.
• 1995, GMO corn and flavr-savr tomato hits the market in
the USA.
• 1996, Roundup Ready Soybeans hit market in USA.
• 1998, First GM labelling rules introduced to provide
consumers with information regarding the use of GM
ingredients in food.
History of GMO's
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• First crop introduced was Flavr Savr tomato in USA in
1995(Burdening G, Lyons J. 2000)
•So far 20 crops approved for commercial cultivation in
different countries
• Only four crops being marketed commercially I.e.,
corn, cotton, soybean and canola
•Commercial production initiated for papaya, squash, rice
and alfalfa in USA and other countries, Others are
approved but not yet being Marketed
•Major countries include USA, Canada, Japan, China,
India, Brazil, EU, Argentina, South Africa5/6/2020 4

5. Transgenic Crops:
Development Objectives
 Integrated pest management (IPM)
Herbicide tolerance (HT)
Nutritional enhancements
Product quality improvement
Increase in yield
Stress tolerance (ST)
Plant based pharmaceuticals 6
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6. I N C R E A S E Y I E L D
D E C R E A S E S U S C E P T I B I L I T Y T O D I S E A S E
G R O W I N L A R G E R N U M B E R A N D M A T U R E F A S T E R
E N H A N C E D R E S I S T A N C E T O M A D C O W D I S E A S E
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Transgenic Animals:
Development objectives

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Why to make transgenic crops?
Due to limitations of conventional breeding for attaining the
desirable traits use of recombinant DNA technology has been taken
advantage of and development of transgenics started
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8. Development of Transgenic Animals
Embryonic Stem Cell
Mediated Transfer
Retroviral mediated gene
transfer
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9. Produce Transgenic Plant
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Govt. of India approved
Mahyco’s Bt-cotton
for control of bollworms
INDIA’s first
transgenic crop
First Mammal Cloned
by Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer:
DOLLY
5 July 1996-14 Feb. 2003
Scotland,UK
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11. What is Bt cotton ?
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• Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an
insecticide to combat Bollworm.
What is Bt ?
• Bacillus thuringiensis discovered
by Ishiwatari in 1901.
• Bacterium produces insecticidal
crystal protein (ICP) also known
As Cry protein
• They are a class of endotoxin
– δ endotoxins.
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12. How Bt works ?
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1. Ingestion
2. Solublization & proteolytic activation
3. Binding to target site
4. Formation of toxic lesions

13. Mode of action of Cry toxin
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14. GM crops-Pros
• Improved resistance to pests and diseases.
• Improved resistance to Herbicide
• Production of more nutritious staple crops
• Contribute to food security and sustainability
• Contributing to the alleviation of poverty and hunger
• Increased crop productivity
• Stability of production
• Economic and social benefits.
GM Animals-Pros
Decreased susceptibility to Disease
Increase Yield
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15. GM - Cons
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• Human health
• Environmental hazards
• Effects on Non-Target organisms and plants

16. HUMAN
HEALTH
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• Allergen and toxin
• Antibiotic resistance
• Nutritional Problems
• Reproductive Problems
• Cancer

17. Environmental hazards
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• Growing of GM crops may lead to
monoculture
• The creation of pest or herbicide resistant GM
crops could result in superbugs or super
weeds
 ECONOMIC LOSS
• market loss to farmers
• lower prices; lower crop yields
• crop failure
• contamination of the gene pool of existing crop
plants

18. Effects on Non-Target organisms
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19. Do GM crops increase yield?
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Have GM crops increased global food security?
•ToFeed a growing global population that may touch 9 billion by
2050.. The world already produces enough food for 13 billion
people, so the problem is not of food production but of access to
it by the poor
•In Paraguay, where nearly 65% of the land is under GM,
hunger has increased from 12.6% in 2004-06 to 25.5% in
2010-12

20. GENETICALLY MODIFIED STERILE MALE
ACCELERATED RELEASE TECHNIQUE (SMART) FOR
AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO CONTROL
INSTITUTION :NOVOCLADEL LC CITY:SAINT PAUL(USA)
P L A N T - C R A F T E D S T A R C H E S F O R B I O P L A S T I C S P R O D U C T I O N
( G A C H E T E T A L . , 1 9 9 8 )
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Researches Going On….