“the environment and its impact on community health”

Date:8/26/2021 www. qadricohs.edu.pk FB Page: Qadri College of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 1
QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI
U-5, 3 OF 5
Community Health Nursing-I
Unit V : “The Environment and It’s
Impact on Community Health”
GBSN Year.1 , Semester.2
By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of HealthSciences Karachi

Unit V : “The Environment and It’s
Impact on Community Health”
In this unit, students will explore the effects
of environment on individuals’ and
community health.
In addition, these students will discuss the
CHN role, is played to maintain healthy
environment.
The Environment and It’s Impact on Community Health

Unit objectives:
At the completion of this unit, students will be able to
learn the:
3. Community Wastes Management:
- Definition of refuse / solid waste, and sewage
- Methods for solid waste and sewage disposal
- Types of latrines used in communities
- Fecal-borne diseases
- Control of fecal-borne diseases
- Types of rodents
- Disease transmission by rodent
- Control of rodents
The Environment and It’s Impact on Community Health

1- REFUSE:
Refuse refers to all solid wastes such as
pieces of paper leaves, garbage, ashes and
dead animals (except human excreta).
2- GARBAGE:
It is unwanted materials and objects that
people have thrown away.
Garbage is the waste we produce daily in
our homes, including old or unwanted food,
chemical substances, paper, broken
furniture, used containers, and other things.
Definition of Terms

3- WHAT IS A SOLID WASTE?
"solid waste" means any garbage or refuse,
sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution
control facility and other discarded material,
resulting from industrial, commercial, mining,
and agricultural operations, and from
community activities. Nearly everything we
do leaves behind some kind of waste.
solid waste is not limited to wastes that are
physically solid. Many solid wastes are liquid,
semi-solid, or contained gaseous material.
Definition of Terms

4- WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF
REFUSE?
Refuse includes garbage and rubbish.
Garbage is mostly decomposable food
waste or yard waste that is highly
putrescible, ( ‫تعفن‬
‫پزیر‬ liable to decay)
while rubbish is mostly dry material such
as glass, paper, cloth, or wood that does
not readily decompose.
Definition of Terms

5- SEWAGE:
Sewage is the mix of water and whatever
wastes from domestic and industrial life are
flushed into the sewer.
- It includes discharge from latrines, urinals,
storm water, ground water infiltration.
6- SLUDGE: ‫کیچڑ‬
Sludge is a semi-solid slurry that can be
produced from a range of industrial
processes, from water treatment,
wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation
systems. Industrial wastewater treatment
plants produce solids that are also referred
to as sludge.
Definition of Terms

7- SANITATION:
Conditions relating to public health,
especially the provision of clean drinking
water and adequate sewage disposal.
OR
The systems for taking dirty water and
other waste products away from buildings
in order to protect people's health.
8- EXCRETA:
Waste matter discharged from the body,
especially faeces and urine.
Definition of Terms

1- Burning / Incineration:
This method is mainly used to dispose of the
medical waste. In this method, garbage is burnt at
a high temperature in a special furnace called
Incinerator. This reduces large amounts of
garbage into a small amount of ash which can be
disposed of in the landfill site.
Advantages of Incineration:
• It is the most suitable waste disposal method to
dispose of the medical and contaminated waste.
Disadvantages of Incineration:
• Energy is used for burning which makes the
method costly.
• It may lead to air pollution.
Methods for Disposal of Solid Waste

2- Dumping:
It is an easy method of disposal of dry
refuse. In this process, solid wastes are
dumped in a low lying area and as a
result of bacterial action, refuse
decreases considerably in volume and
are converted gradually into humus ( ‫نباتی‬
‫کھاد‬ ).

3- Controlled Tipping:
Controlled tipping or controlled burial is
similar in principle to sanitary landfill but at
a smaller scale that is appropriate in rural
areas. In controlled tipping/burial, solid
waste is disposed of into a dug pit and is
regularly covered with soil to avoid
attracting disease vectors such as flies
and rodents.

4- Composting:
This method is useful for the disposal of
biodegradable waste. The part of the
garbage which can rot in nature to form
harmless substances is called
biodegradable (plants and animal waste).
Different biodegradable waste can be
dumped in a pit. Here, it can be allowed
to decompose after which the garbage
will convert into useful manure. This is
known as composting.

Advantages of Composting:
• The useful component of the garbage
can be converted into manures ‫کھاد‬
which can enrich the soil.

1- Sea outfall:
• A marine outfall is a pipeline or tunnel that discharges
municipal or industrial wastewater combined sewer overflows
to the sea. Submarine outfalls are common throughout the
world.
• The World's first marine outfall was built in Santa Monica,
United States, in 1910.
Advantages:
• The natural dilution and dispersion of organic matter,
pathogens and other pollutants the ability to keep the sewage
field submerged because of the depth at which the sewage is
being released the greater die-off rate of pathogens due to
the greater distance they will have to travel to shore.
• They also tend to be less expensive than advanced
wastewater treatment plants.
Disadvantages:
• Marine outfalls remain controversial. Grease or wax can
interfere with dispersion, so that bacteria and viruses could
be carried to remote locations.
Methods for Disposal of Sewage

2- River outfall:
• Sewage disposal within the river.
3- Land treatment:
• When the sewage is evenly spread on the
surface of land methods is called land
treatment the water of sewage percolates in
the ground and the organic suspended
solids remain at the surface of the ground
the organic suspended solids are partly
acted upon by the bacteria are partly
oxidized by exposure to atmospheric action
of heat light and air.

4- Open drainage / Open fields:
• It is open drainage to the fields of remote areas / away from
residential areas.
5- Oxidation ponds:
• These are large earthen basins in which waste water is
treated by natural process involving bacteria and algae.
• Oxidation pond into which the sewage or effluent from the
sewage system flows.
• Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds,
are large, shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater
through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria, and algae.
During the process of photosynthesis, the algae release
oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria.
• The algae helps the bacteria to break down the sewage and
effluent. The wind helps with the evaporation of the water
and serves to get oxygen into the water.

6- Pit latrines:
• A pit latrine, also known as
pit toilet or long drop, is a
type of toilet that collects
human feces in a hole in
the ground. Urine and feces
enter the pit through a drop
hole in the floor, which
might be connected to a
toilet seat or squatting pan
for user comfort.

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
REGARDING WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Waste management is an area, which
needs education and awareness for
global preservation. The education for
waste management and pollution is very
critical to the perseverance of global
health and security of humankind.
Community Wastes Management

Community Wastes Management

The number of different types of toilets
used on a worldwide level is large. Toilet
types can be categorized as:
• With water as odor seal.
• Without water as odor seal.
• Types by usage posture.
• Public toilet.
Types of latrines used in communities

1- Toilet with water as odor seal:

1. Flush toilet:
• Connected to a flush tank
that enables rapid water
flow to drain sewage to
septic tank or into a
system connected with
sewage treatment plan.
Other examples of flush toilet:
2. High-tech toilet
3. Vacuum toilet
1- Toilet with water as odor seal

2- Toilet without water as an odor seal:
1. Pit latrine with direct drop:
• A simple pit latrine uses no water seal and
collects human excreta in a pit or trench.
• The excreta drop directly into the pit via a
drop hole.
• They are common in rural or peri-urban
areas in many developing countries.
• Pit latrines are also used in emergency
sanitation situations.

• The pit or trench ‫خندق‬ ‫گھاٹی‬ can be dug large
enough so that the pit can be used for
many years before it fills up.
• When the pit becomes full, it may be
emptied or the hole covered with earth
and the pit latrine relocated .
• Pit latrines have to be located away from
drinking water sources to minimize the
possibility of disease spread via
groundwater pollution.
2- Toilet without water as an odor seal

2. Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine:
Low cost and simple alternative to the
traditional pit latrines.
• Waste drops into the pit where it
decomposes and liquids percolate into
the surrounding and bottom soil.
• Vent pipe removes smell and vents gases
to the atmosphere.
• The fly screen acts as a flytrap for insects
entering the pit, attracting them towards
the light at the top of the vent pipe

Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine

3. Vault toilet:
A vault (a room or compartment)
toilet is a non-flush
toilet just like a
simple pit latrine with
a sealed container
(or vault) buried in
the ground to receive
the excreta, all of
which is contained
underground until it is
removed by pumping.

4. Urine-diverting dry
toilet:
- Urine diversion toilets
have two
compartments for
urine and feces.
- A urine-diverting dry
toilet uses no water
for flushing, and
keeps urine and feces
separate.
- It can be linked to
systems which reuse
excreta as a fertilizer.

5. Chemical toilet:
- Chemical toilets collect human
excreta in a holding tank and
use chemicals to minimize
odors.
- They do not require a connection
to a water supply and are used
in a variety of situations.
- Aircraft lavatories and passenger
train toilets were in the past
often designed as chemical
toilets but are nowadays more
likely to be vacuum toilets.

1. Toilet with a pedestal for sitting:
- Sitting toilets are often referred as
"western-style toilets".
- Sitting toilets are more convenient than
squat toilets for people with disabilities
and the elderly.
3- Types by usage posture

2. Squat toilet:
- Used in a squatting position
rather than sitting.
- The defecation posture used
is to place one foot on each
side of the toilet drain or hole
and to squat over it.
- Squatting toilets are common
in many Asian and African
countries, and are norm in
most Muslim countries.
3- Types by usage posture

Public Toilet:
- A toilet easily accessible to public.
- It may be of government or privately owned.
- Allows public access, such as a department
store, or it may be limited to the business's
customers, such as a restaurant.
- If its use requires a fee, it is also called a
pay toilet.
- The entire room, or a stall or cubicle
containing a toilet, is lockable.
- There must be varying degrees of
separation between men and women and
different levels of privacy.
4- Public toilet

4- Public toilet

DEFINITION FAECAL-BORNE DISEASE:-
• Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
spread from person to person, sometimes
causing diseases as they move in and out
of people's bodies along various routes.
• When the disease spreads through the
fecal-oral route, it means that
contaminated feces from an infected
person are somehow ingested by another
person.
FECAL-BORNE DISEASES

1- Bacterial:
Cholera, Typhoid fever, Shigellosis etc.
2- Viral:
Hepatitis-A, Hepatitis-E, Poliomyelitis,
Gastroenteritis etc.
3- Protozoa:
Amoebic dysentery, Giardiasis,
Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis etc.
4- Helminthes:
Tapeworms, Hookworms etc.
FECAL-BORNE DISEASES

HOW FAECAL-BORNE DISEASES
TRANSMITTED THROUGH DIFFERENT
MEANS:-
1- Water:
• The pathogenic microorganisms, their
toxic exudates, and other contaminants
together, cause serious conditions such
as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, amebiasis,
hepatitis, gastroenteritis, scabies and
worm infections etc.
FECAL-BORNE DISEASES TRANSMISSION

2- Food:
• Food-borne disease and colloquially
referred to as food poisoning is any
illness resulting from the food spoilage of
contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria,
viruses, or parasites that contaminate
food.
3- Hands:
• A number of infectious diseases can be
spread from one person to another by
contaminated hands.

3- Soil:
• Soil-transmitted helminth infections are
caused by different species of parasitic
worms. They are transmitted by eggs
present in human faeces, which contaminate
the soil in areas where sanitation is poor.
4- Flies:
• A flea bite may also become infected. Fleas
can carry and transmit several potential
illnesses of importance to humans, including
typhus and plague, and can transmit “cat
scratch disease” (infection with Bartonella)
among cats who can then spread the
disease to humans.

‘F’ DIAGRAM SHOWING FAECAL-ORAL TRANSMISSION

Prevention and Control:
1- Adequate treatment of cases.
2- Vaccination.
3- Stopping open defecation.
4- Provision of safe Drinking water and food.
5- Proper disposal of human excreta.
6- Proper hand washing following defecation.
8- Proper cleaning and cooking of food.
9- Self care and hygiene and Home hygiene.
Control of fecal-borne diseases

DEFINITION OF RODENTS:
- A gnawing mammal of an order that includes
rabbits, rats, squirrels, hamsters,
porcupines, and their relatives, distinguished
by strong constantly growing incisors and no
canine teeth.
- (From Latin rodere, "to gnaw") are mammals
of the order Rodentia, which are
characterized by a single pair of
continuously growing incisors in each of the
upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all
mammal species are rodents.
RODENTS

1- Domestic
Rodents:
• Rat, squirrel, rabbit,
hamster, chinchilla
etc.
2- Wild Rodents:
• Porcupine, capybara
etc.
TYPES OF RODENTS

TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
THROUGH RODENTS:
1-Rat-Bite Fever – Those exposed to rats carrying
the bacteria are at serious risk, even if they aren't
bitten. If left untreated, rat-bite fever can be fatal.
Salmonellosis – A bacterial infection that can be
contracted from eating food contaminated by rat
feces.
2-Hantavirus - is carried by rodents, the virus is
found in their urine and feces, and it is believed
that humans can get sick with this virus if they
breathe in contaminated dust from mice nests or
droppings.
3-Rat urine, along with feces and other bodily
fluids, can transmit diseases from rats to humans.
DISEASE TRANSMISSION BY RODENT

HOW TO CONTROL THE RODENTS:
1- Trapping:
• Live traps are the most humane way of trapping rodents.
Simply bait it with peanut butter etc. Use gloves when
handling the traps, and carefully release it outside away from
home.
2- Use of Rodenticides:
• Pesticides (poison) that kill rodents. Rodents include not only
rats and mice, but also squirrels, woodchucks, chipmunks,
porcupines, nutria, and beavers.
3- Fumigation:
• Rat fumigation is a method that requires you to leave your
home while a professional fills your house with poison that
poisons the rats.
4- Improvement of sanitation:
• Improving cleanliness is something everyone can do to
eliminate rodents from our homes.
CONTROL OF RODENTS

Community Health Nursing
B. T. Basavanthappa
First Edition 1998
https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-and-solid-and-hazardous-waste-exclusions

“The Environment and It’s Impact on Community Health”

By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of HealthSciences Karachi

“the environment and its impact on community health”

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to “the environment and its impact on community health”

Similar to “the environment and its impact on community health” (20)

More from AFTAB H. ABBASI

More from AFTAB H. ABBASI (8)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

“the environment and its impact on community health”