Good health & 5 classes of Antibodies

Date:6/21/2021 www. qadricohs.edu.pk FB Page: Qadri College of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 1
QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI
U-3, 1 OF
“DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE BODY”
By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

“DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE BODY”
- This unit focuses on the resistance of the
body which microorganism’s encounter
where they enter in the human body.
- This unit highlights the importance of the
resistance or defense of the body which
will help learners in understanding that
why infection occurs sometimes and not
always.

At the completion of this unit learners will
be able to:
1- Explain the role of good health in protection against the microbial
infection.
2- Define Resistance and Susceptibility.
3- Define Nonspecific Resistance.
4- Describe the role of the skin and mucous membrane in nonspecific
Resistance.
5- Explain the process of Phagocytosis.
6- Define the Specific Resistance, Innate Resistance and Immunity.
7- Explain four types of acquired Immunity.

At the completion of this unit learners will be
able to:
8- Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated immunity.
9- Define Antigens, happen and antibodies.
10- List the five classes of antibodies and their functions.
11- Explain the role of memory, tolerance and specificity in immunity.
12- Distinguish between primary and secondary immune response.
13- Define Hypersensitivity.
14- Differentiate between i.e. delayed and immediate Hypersensitivity.

1- Role of good health in protection against the microbial infection.
Introduction- health:
- The condition of being sound
in body, mind or spirit,
especially freedom from
physical disease or pain-
Health.
It was stated later- mind
influenced by neural system,
endocrine system & immune
system- together they affect
health.

Factors influencing health:
1. Genetic disorders- deficiencies a child born with &
deficiencies/ defect child inherit.
2. Infections…
3. Life style- food & water, rest & exercise, habits.
- Health in generally means free from illness/disease, injury or
pain/ lack of physical fitness.
- Health can be defined as a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being.
- Healthy people are efficient at work which increases
productivity & brings economic prosperity.
- Health- increases longevity of people & reduce infant &
maternal mortality

Disease:
Any condition which interferes with normal
functioning of the body and impairs the health-
Disease.
Types of Diseases:
I. Congenital Disease- inborn disease & genetically
inherited.
II. Acquired Disease- after birth & non- inheritable.
Acquired Diseases can be grouped as:
1. Food & water borne diseases
2. Air borne diseases
3. Vector borne diseases

Prevention & control of diseases:
Infectious diseases can be prevented
through maintenance of personal and
public hygiene.
Also diseases can be now prevented-
vaccines and immunization.

Characteristics of Good Health:
Important characteristics of person having
good health:
i. Free from sickness and diseases.
ii. Free from unnecessary anxiety.
iii. Free from social and psychological
tensions.
iv. Self confidence.
v. Feeling joy in living.
vi. Ability to work efficiently and at its best.

Good health means good immune system:
Functions of the Immune System:
- Protects from pathogens.
- Eliminates modified or altered self.
- Protects the host from environmental
agents.

We all sick many times throughout our lives.
We grow weak, fall in bed, develop a fever
but recover in few days. What takes place in
our bodies during sickness?
When the events of “sickness” and
“recovering” take place, our bodies become
a battleground in which a bitter struggle is
taking place. The cause of our illness is,
most of the time, the penetration of some
foreign “organisms” in our body.

These tiny monsters are effective enough to
cause our death in a week if our body did not
have a mechanism to mount a defense against
this invasion.
The body however has a mechanism that
combats them known as the “immune system”,
this mechanism is the most disciplined, most
complex and successful army of the world.
Our immune system, which is comprised of
infantrymen, battleship, intelligence units and
even an “information technology” center that
keep a record of the enemies, fights with the
microbes throughout our lives.

This system proves that the human body is
the outcome of a unique design that has
been planned with a great wisdom and skill.
In other words, the human body is the
evidence of a flawless creation. Which is the
peerless creation of Allah.
On the other hand, the theory of evolution
that seeks to explain life without
coincidences is desperate in the face of this
extraordinary creation in the immune
system.

10- five classes of antibodies and their functions.
INTODUCTION ANTIBODIES:
Antibodies are protein-structured weapons,
which are manufactured to fight against the
foreign cells entering the human body.
These weapons are produced by the B
cells, a class of warriors of the immune
system.

Antibodies destroy invaders. They have two
main functions:
- The first is to bind to the invader cell, which
is the antigen.
- The second is to decompose the biological
structure of the antigen and destroy it.
Antibodies bind to disease-causing bacteria
and viruses.
They mark the foreign molecules to which they
bind, so that the body’s fighter cells can
distinguish them.
This way, they also inactivate them.

An antibody fits the enemy (antigen) perfectly, just
like a key and a lock assembling in a three-
dimensional structure.
Antibodies are not of one type only. According to the
structure of every enemy, a specific antibody
powerful enough to deal with it is produced.
Antibodies are a type of protein. These proteins,
functioning in the defense of the body within the
immune operation, are called "immune globulin" (a
type of protein) and designated as "Ig".
Reference Book: (The Miracle of the Immune system) By. Harun Yahya

1- IgG (Immune Globulin G):
IgG is the most common antibody. Its development takes only a
few days, while its life span ranges from a few weeks to several
years. IgGs circulate in the body and are mainly present in the
blood, lymphatic system, and intestine. They circulate in the
bloodstream, directly target the invader, and latch on to it as
soon as they detect it. They have a strong antibacterial and
antigen-destroying effect. They protect the body against bacteria
and viruses, and neutralize the acidic property of toxins
(poisons).
Additionally, the IgG may squeeze itself between cells, and
eliminate
the bacteria and micro-organic invaders that have infiltrated to
the cells
and the skin. Due their above-mentioned ability and small size,
they can enter the placenta of a pregnant woman and protect an
undefended fetus against possible infections.

2- IgA (Immune Globulin A):
These antibodies are present in sensitive
regions where the body fights with antigens
such as in tears, saliva, mother’s milk, blood,
air sacs, mucus, gastric and intestinal
secretions. IgAs, which are structurally quite
similar to each other, settle in those regions of
the body where microbes are most likely to
enter, and they keep this area under control.
This is like placing reliable soldiers on guard at
strategically critical points.
The antibodies, which protect the foetus from
various diseases in the mother’s womb.

3- IgM (Immune globulin M):
These antibodies are present in the blood,
lymph and on the surface of the B cells.
When the human organism encounters an
antigen, IgM is the first antibody that is
produced in the body in response to this
enemy.
In order to determine whether the foetus
has been infected with a disease or not, the
IgM level in its blood is measured.

4- IgD (Immune globulin D):
IgDs are also present in the blood, lymph,
and on the surface of B cells. They are not
capable of acting independently.
By attaching themselves to the surfaces of T
cells, they help them capture antigens.
5- IgE (Immune globulin E):
IgEs are antibodies circulating in the
bloodstream. These antibodies, which are
responsible for calling fighter.

Summarized 5 classes of antibodies:
IgG – the main type in circulation, binds to pathogens, activates
complement, and enhances phagocytosis.
IgM – the largest type in circulation, activates complement and
clumps cells.
IgA – found in saliva and milk, prevents pathogens from
attaching to epithelial cells in digestive and respiratory tracts.
IgD – on surface of immature B cells, its presence signifies the
readiness of a B cell.
IgE – found as antigen receptor on basophils in blood and on
mast cells in tissues, responsible for immediate allergic
response and protection against certain parasitic worms.

Methods to control Microbial Growth

By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

Good health & 5 classes of Antibodies

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