ascariasis, taeniasis,dermatomycosis

Date:6/19/2021 www. qadricohs.edu.pk FB Page: Qadri College of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 1
QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI
U- 4, 6 OF 6
“HUMAN AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION”
By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
1- Describe some pathogenic microbes and diseases, i.e.
1- Tetanus
2- Typhoid
3- Cholera
4- Diphtheria
5- Tuberculosis
6- Pertusis
7- Mumps
8- Measles
9- Polio
10- Influenza
11- Ascariasis
12- Taeniasis and
13- dermatomycosis.

11- Ascariasis
INTRODUCTION:
- Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest nematode
(roundworm) parasitizing the human intestine.
- Ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal worm found
in the small intestine of man.
- They are more common in children than in adult.
- As many as 500 to 5000 adult worms may inhabit
a single host.
- Geographic Distribution: The most common
human helminthic infection.
- Worldwide distribution.
- Highest prevalence in tropical and subtropical
regions, and areas with inadequate sanitation.

11- Ascariasis
DEFINITION:
Ascariasis is a type of roundworm
infection.
These worms are parasites that use
your body as a host to mature from
larvae or eggs to adult worms.

11- Ascariasis
SIGN & SYMPTOMS / CLINICAL FEATURES:
- Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and slight temperature.
- It blocks intestine and appendix.
- They may enter bile or pancreatic duct and interfere with
digestion.
- Injure the intestine and cause peritonitis.
- They produce toxins which irritate the mucous membrane
of the gut, or prevent digestion of protein by host by
destroying an enzyme trypsin.
- In children they cause stunted growth and makes the
mental capacity dull.
- Larvae causes inflammation and hemorrhage in the lungs
which results in pneumonia – may prove fatal.

11- Ascariasis
CAUSES:
Ascaris Lumbricoides (Round Worm)
TRANSMISSION / ROUTES OF ENTRY:
It occurs when the man swallows the infective
eggs of Ascaris with contaminated food or
water.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
Around 4-6 weeks, meaning it can be over a
month between ingesting the roundworm and
them passing eggs in their stools.

11- Ascariasis

11- Ascariasis
COMMON RISK FACTORS:
• Poor socioeconomic conditions.
• Use of human feces as fertilizer.
• Lack of hand washing.
• Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables.
• Environmental contamination with feces.
Who is at risk for ascariasis? (Identified by WHO)
• Preschool and school-age children.
• Women of childbearing age (including pregnant
women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and lactating
women)
• Adults in occupations where there is a high risk of
heavy infections.

11- Ascariasis
TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS:
- Stool tests
- Blood tests (Ascariasis can elevate your eosinophils)
- X-rays
- Ultrasound
- CT scans or MRIs
- Colonoscopy: This can be helpful when
stool samples do not show evidence of
parasites due to diarrhea.

11- Ascariasis
COMPLICATIONS:
- Intestinal obstruction
- Appendicitis
- Biliary ascariasis (obstructive jaundice) is the most
common complication.
- Perforation of the intestine
- Cholecystitis
- Pancreatitis
- Peritonitis

11- Ascariasis
PREVENTION:
- Keeping good sanitation conditions is the only
way to prevent the infection of Ascaris.
- Pollution of soil with human faeces should be
avoided.
- Vegetable should be thoroughly washed in a
mild solution of Potassium permanganate and
properly cooked before use.
- Finger nails should be regularly cut to avoid the
collection of dirt and eggs below them.
- Hands should be properly washed with some
antiseptic soap before touching edibles (suitable or safe to
eat) or eating.

11- Ascariasis
TREATMENT / MANAGEMENT:
Infections with A. lumbricoides are easily
treated with a number of antihelminthics
drugs:
- Pyrantel pamoate given as a single
dose of 10 mg/kg.
- Levamisole given as a single dose of 2.
5 mg/kg.
- Mebendazole given as a single dose of
500 mg.
- Albendazole given as a single dose of
400 mg.

12- Taeniasis
INTRODUCTION:
- Is an intestinal infection of human with the
adult stage of the tapeworm of the genus
Taenia.
- The most important causative agents are T.
solium and T. saginata and their respective
larval stages.
- Larval stage found in intermediate host
tissue.
- Adult worms live in the small intestine of their
definitive host.
- Eggs are diagnostic stage.

12- Taeniasis
DEFINITION:
Infection with any of the tapeworms of the
genus Taenia. Humans taeniasis can be
caused by eating pork or beef contaminated
with the larval stage of the pork tapeworm,
Taenia solium, or the beef tapeworm,
Taenia saginata.

12- Taeniasis
ROUTE / TRANSMISSION:
• T. solium taeniasis is acquired by humans
through the ingestion of the parasite's larval cysts
(cysticerci) in undercooked and infected pork.
• Human tapeworm carriers excrete tapeworm
eggs in their faeces and contaminate the
environment when they defecate in open areas.
• Humans can also become infected with T. solium
eggs due to poor hygiene (via the fecal-oral
route) or ingesting contaminated food or water.

12- Taeniasis
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
- Is found worldwide. About 50 to 70 million
people are affected.
- Rural, developing countries with poor
hygiene.
- Places where pigs are allowed to roam
freely and eat human faeces allows the
cycle to continue.

12- Taeniasis
RISK FACTORS: (Who is most at risk for tapeworm?)
- Eating raw or undercooked beef or pork is the primary risk factor
for acquiring taeniasis.
- Poor sanitation have a greater risk of developing
a tapeworm infection.
- People who live in close proximity to livestock or free-range
animals.
- Tapeworm infections are more common in developing areas of the
world where sanitation is poor and people may eat undercooked
meats.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
The incubation period prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms is
variable, and infected people may remain asymptomatic for many
years.

12- Taeniasis
CAUSES / AGENT:
Three parasite species cause taeniasis in
humans:
1- Taenia solium
2- Taenia saginata
3- Taenia asiatica.
Only T. solium causes major health
problems.

12- Taeniasis
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
Most people are Asymptomatic or mild symptoms.
- Tapeworms can cause digestive problems including:
- Abdominal pain
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Diarrhoea
- Stomach upset.
Most visible symptom:
- Passing of proglottids
- RARE - tapeworm segments become lodged in the
appendix (appendicitis).
- Bile ducts (cholangitis).
- Infection with T. solium tapeworms can result in human
cysticercosis, (a parasitic tissue infection) - cause seizures and
muscle or eye damage.

12- Taeniasis
DIAGNOSIS / TESTS:
Taeniasis:
- Direct faecal smear
- Brine floatation technique
- Cellophane-tape technique.
Cysticercosis: (Is a parasitic tissue infection caused by larval cysts of the tapeworm Taenia solium. These
larval cysts infect brain, muscle, or other tissue, and are a major cause of adult onset seizures.)
- Biopsy of subcutaneous nodules
- X-ray
- CT scan
- MRI (are used for the diagnosis of brain type)
- Ophthalmoscope (examination is used for ocular form)
Differential leucocyte count (eosinophilia: This condition most
often indicates a parasitic infection)

12- Taeniasis
COMPLICATIONS / HEALTH IMPLICATIONS:
- Pernicious anaemia
- Appendicitis
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea
- Loss of appetite
- Cysticercosis in muscle
- Neurocytocisis
- Ophthalmic cysticercosis
- Insomnia

12- Taeniasis
PREVENTION:
- Treatment of human taeniasis.
- Proper cooking of meat at a temp not less than
60oC, Heat treatment-sterilize by heat or
boiling at 95-100oC for 30 minutes or heat
72oC for 2hrs.
- Avoid feeding swill or garbage to pigs.
- Intervention in pigs (vaccination plus anthelmintic
treatment).
- Improved pig husbandry - no free-roaming pigs.
- Improved meat inspection and processing of
meat products.

12- Taeniasis
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
Taenaisis can be treated with single doses
of:
- Praziquantel (10 mg/kg)
- Niclosamide (adults and children over 6
years: 2 g, children aged 2–6 years: 1 g).
- Albendazole at 400 g for 3 consecutive
days has also been used.

13- Dermatomycosis
INTRODUCTION:
- This is a large group of fungus diseases, in which not only
the skin but its appendages are involved.
- All dermatomycoses causing fungi are contagious to a
greater or lesser degree and widely spread in nature.
- The soil is evidently a reservoir of infection for some of
them (zoophilic Trichophytons and Microsporum
lanosum).
- The study of dermatomycoses is of great epidemiological
importance while the organization of their control is a
problem of social significance.

13- Dermatomycosis
DEFINITION:
Dermatomycosis is the medical term for
fungal infections of the skin and skin
appendages (derma: skin; mykes: fungus),
which encompass nails and hair.
Dermatomycoses are mainly caused by
filamentous fungi. These are fungi that feed
on keratin occurring in skin, hair and nails.

13- Dermatomycosis
ROUTE / TRANSMISSION:
- Transmitted by direct contact with infected
host (human or animal).
- By direct or indirect contact with infected
exfoliated skin or hair in clothing, combs,
hair brushes, theatre seats, caps,
furniture, bed linens, shoes, socks, towels,
hotel rugs, bathhouse, and locker room
floors.

13- Dermatomycosis
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
- Skin changes. A violet-colored or dusky
red rash develops, most commonly on
your face and eyelids and on your
knuckles, elbows, knees, chest and back.
- Muscle weakness. Progressive muscle
weakness involves the muscles closest to
the trunk, such as those in your hips,
thighs, shoulders, upper arms and neck.

13- Dermatomycosis
RISK FACTORS:
It occurs in healthy individuals, but known risk
factors include: local abrasion of the dermis, minor
traumas to the nail (e.g., during jogging) and local
moisture combined with exposure to high fungal
inoculum as found e.g., in public dressing rooms of
showers or pools. High humidity and hot climate,
such as in tropical countries, contribute to the
development of dermatomycosis.
CAUSES / AGENT:
Dermatomycoses are caused most commonly by
dermatophytes. The anthropophilic dermatophyte
Trichophyton rubrum is still the most frequent
causative agent worldwide.

13- Dermatomycosis
PREVENTION:
- Avoid sharing clothing, sports equipment,
towels, or sheets.
- Wash clothes in hot water with fungicidal
soap after suspected exposure to
ringworm.
- Avoid walking barefoot; instead wear
appropriate protective shoes in locker
rooms and sandals at the beach.
- Avoid touching pets with bald spots, as
they are often carriers of the fungus.

13- Dermatomycosis
DIAGNOSIS / TESTS:
- Wood’s lamp examination
Detects fluorescence
- Potassium hydroxide microscopy
Detects hyphae and conidia in skin scrapings
or hair
- Fungal cultures
Required to identify organism
- Skin or nail biopsies
TREATMENT:
Topical antifungal medications.

By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

ascariasis, taeniasis,dermatomycosis

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